Fig. 7-0a

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No limbs
Eastern glass lizard
Monitor lizard
Iguanas
ANCESTRAL LIZARD (with limbs)
Snakes
No limbs
Geckos
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Species Panthera pardus
Genus Panthera
Family Felidae
Order Carnivora
Class Mammalia
Phylum Chordata
Kingdom Animalia
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
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Species
Order
Family
Genus
Panthera pardus (leopard)
Felidae
Panthera
Taxidea taxus (American badger)
Taxidea
Carnivora
Mustelidae
Lutra lutra (European otter)
Lutra
Canis latrans (coyote)
Canidae
Canis
Canis lupus (gray wolf)
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Branch point where lineages diverge
Taxon A
Taxon B
Sister taxa
Taxon C
Taxon D
Taxon E
ANCESTRAL LINEAGE
Taxon F
Basal taxon
Taxon G
This branch point represents the common ancestor
of taxa A-G.
This branch point forms a polytomy an
unresolved pattern of divergence.
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Results
Minke (Southern Hemisphere)
Unknowns ?1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Minke (North Atlantic)
Unknown ?9
Humpback
Unknown ?1b
Blue
Unknowns ?10, 11, 12, 13
Fin
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1
2
Deletion
1
2
Insertion
G T A
1
2
1
2
9
G A T
C C A
A C G
A G T
C T A
G G C
A C T A
C C G
G G T
T C A
A C A
C T T
T G A
C T A G
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(a) Monophyletic group (clade)
(b) Paraphyletic group
(c) Polyphyletic group
A
A
A
B
B
B
Group I
Group III
C
C
C
D
D
D
Group II
E
E
E
F
F
F
G
G
G
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TAXA
Lancelet (outgroup)
Lancelet (outgroup)
Lamprey
Leopard
Lamprey
Turtle
Bass
Frog
Vertebral column (backbone)
Bass
1
1
1
1
0
1
Vertebral column
Hinged jaws
0
1
0
1
1
1
Frog
Hinged jaws
Four walking legs
CHARACTERS
0
0
1
1
0
1
Turtle
Four walking legs
Amnion
0
0
0
0
1
1
Amnion
Leopard
Hair
0
0
0
0
1
0
Hair
(b) Phylogenetic tree
(a) Character table
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Drosophila
Lancelet
Zebrafish
Frog
Chicken
Human
Mouse
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Drosophila
Lancelet
Zebrafish
Frog
Chicken
Human
Mouse
PALEOZOIC
MESOZOIC
CENOZOIC
251
65.5 Present
542
Millions of years ago
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Technique
1/C
I
I
III
1/C
II
II
III
1/C
I
II
III
1/C
1/C
Species II
Species I
Species III
2/T
3/A
3/A
I
I
III
Three phylogenetic hypotheses
3/A
2/T
4/C
I
I
III
II
II
III
4/C
4/C
2/T
II
II
III
I
II
III
3/A 4/C
2/T 4/C
2/T 3/A
I
II
III
Site
1
2
3
4
Results
Species I
C
T
A
T
I
I
III
Species II
C
T
T
C
II
II
III
Species III
A
G
A
C
I
II
III
Ancestral sequence
A
G
T
T
6 events
7 events
7 events
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Lizards and snakes
Crocodilians
Ornithischian dinosaurs
Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and
birds
Saurischian dinosaurs
Birds
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Front limb
Hind limb
Eggs
(b) Artists reconstruction of the dinosaurs
posture based on the fossil findings
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs
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90
60
Number of mutations
30
0
120
90
60
30
0
Divergence time (millions of years)
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0.15
HIV
Index of base changes between HIV gene sequences
0.10
Range
Adjusted best-fit line (accounts for uncertain
dates of HIV sequences
0.05
0
1940
1920
1960
1900
1980
2000
Year
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Euglenozoans
Forams
Diatoms
Ciliates
Red algae
Domain Eukarya
Green algae
Land plants
Amoebas
Fungi
Animals
Nanoarchaeotes
Domain Archaea
Methanogens
Thermophiles
COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE
Proteobacteria
(Mitochondria)
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Domain Bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria
Cyanobacteria
(Chloroplasts)
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Fungi
Domain Eukarya
Plantae
Chloroplasts
Methanogens
Domain Archaea
Mitochondria
Ancestral cell populations
Thermophiles
Cyanobacteria
Proteobacteria
Domain Bacteria