Cognitive Science

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Cognitive Science
Engineering Psychology

• Multidisciplinary aproach

Jakub Jura jakub.jura_at_fs.cvut.cz http//users.fs.c
vut.cz/jurajaku/ing-psych/ info_at_psychoterapie-jur
a.cz
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What is Cognitive

• From latin cognoscere getting to know
• Distinguish emotional and rational
• Descartes Cogito ergo sum.
• Cognition is close to episthemology
• Symbolic cognitive models are theories of human
  cognition that take the form of working computer
  programs (Wilson Keil 1999).

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What is Cognitive Science

• Cognitive Science is the interdisciplinary
  scientific study of mind and its processes. It
  examines what cognition is, what it does and how
  it works (wiki).
• It si complex of study, which have an aim to
  answer old epistemological question by the
  empiral way. Mostly answer about nature of
  cognition, their resources, development,
  components and structuration (I. Havel).
• Study of all form of human inteligence from
  sensation and perception, to speech, language and
  problem solving.

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Cognitive Science Components
How human psyche working?
Philosophy of science as a phylosophy of cognition
How to realise all of this on computers?
Language mediated cognition.
Cultural determination of cognitive processes
Cognition, from biological point of view.
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PhilosophyPhilosophy of science as a philosophy
of cognition

• Positivism (Positive Philosophy )
• Aguste Comte (1798-1857)
• Positiv (fr.) is certain and it is means
  repetitively observable.
• Phenomenology
• Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) , Martin Heidegger
  (1889-1976 )
• There is no objective reality.
• Subjective reality come of interpretation of the
  phenomenon.
• Constructivism
• George Kelly (1905-1967), Humberto Maturana (),
  Keneth Gergen
• Reality is constructed by the humans.

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Mind-Body Problem
Monism
Dualism
Materialsm
Mentalism
Paralel
Interakting
Theory of identity
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EmergentismPhilosophy of unexpectedness in AI

• Sudden, unexpected, unpredicable.
• Emergent entities (properties or substances)
  arise out of more fundamental entities and yet
  are novel or irreducible with respect to
  them.
• For example, it is sometimes said that
  consciousness is an emergent property of the
  brain.

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PsychologyHow human psyche working?

• Edward C. Tolman Cognitive map
• Ulric Neisser Cognitive ecology
• David Marr (1945-1980) Human vision
• Jean Piaget Structural invariants of cognitive
  functiones

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Edward C. Tolman Cognitive map

• Multimodal mental representation
• Not only propositional code.
• Not only analog code.
• Since schema integrated both representation.
• Cognitive maps are a method we use to construct
  and accumulate spatial knowledge, allowing the
  "mind's eye" to visualize images in order to
  reduce cognitive load, enhance recall and learning
   of information (Wiki).
• If you try to draw a plan of yours dwelling
  environs.

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Neisser's cycle of perceptionCognitive Ecology
Actual world
Object available information
Samples
Modify
Schema of environment
Exploration
Locomotion and action
Cognitive map
Directs
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David Courtnay Marr Human vision

• Vision as an information processing system .
• From a two-dimensional visual array (retinal
  image) to a three-dimensional description of the
  world.
• Retinal (intensity) image
• Primal sketch edges, regiones
• 2.5D sketch textures, highlights, shades 
• 3D sketch 3-dimensional map of the scene
• Computational investigation into the human
  representation and processing of visual
  information.

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Jean PiagetStructural invariants of cognitive
functiones

• Grupa G (A,)
• Felix Klein Erlangen program
• Geometrical space is set of properties of a space
  that is invariant under a given group of
  transformations (e.g. Given object is invariant
  to a transformation translation).
• Classification of geometries (projective, ) by
  their underlying symmetry (Klein) groups.Each of
  geometry have a specific invariant of
  transformation, which characterized them.
• Jean Piaget psychological structuralism
• Each of developmental stage have a specific
  invariant of transformation, which characterized
  them.

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Linguistics Language mediated cognition.

• Ferdinand de Saussure
• John L. Austin
• John R. Searle
• Noam Chomsky

Syntax the study of grammar of
sentences. Semantics   the study of the
meaning. Pragmastics the study of the using
the language.
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Ferdinand de Saussure Diachronic and synchronic
linguistics.

• Diachronic (historical) Linguistics
• Study of language change (development).
• Etymology.
• Synchronic Linguistics
• Linguistic phenomena occur only at one point in
  time.

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Ogden-Richards semiotic triangle
Meaning Designat
Refers to
Denote / symbolise
Psyche
Stands for
Language
Reality
Sign Vehikulum Symbol
Object Denotat
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Valence Grammar Lucien Tesnièr .

• The core of the sentence is the verb (valence
  verb).
• Others constituents is called actants.
• obligatory in a sentence must be realised lt
  AAAAAA gt
• fakultative in a sentence could be realised lt
  AAAAAA gt
• Grammar pattern is
• AAAAAA BBBBBB valence verb XXXXXX YYYYYY
  ZZZZZZ
• Computer example
• ARJ ltcommandgt -ltswgt -ltswgt... ltarchive_namegt
  ltfile_namesgt...

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Transformational grammar TG Noam Chomsky.
Phrasal categories S sentence NP nominal
phrase VP verbalní phrase PP prepositional
phrase
Lexical categories N nomen V verbum Adj
adjektivum Det determinátor Aux auxiliary
verb prep/P preposition Pro pronomen conj
conjunction
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Transformation rules

• The sequence of rules for transformation the
  sentence to question in France language
• VP ? Pro V
• VP ? V ( - ) Pro
• NP ? N
• S ? VP NP
• ?S ? VP NP ( ? )
• VP ? Il parle
• NP ? français
• S ? Il parle français
• ?S ? parle ( - ) il français ( ? )
• ?S parle-il français?

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Noam Chomsky (1928)

• American lingvist. He postulated hypothesis of
  deep and surface structures of language. The deep
  structure is common for all nations and is inborn
  is called Internal language (I- language). The
  surface language is usually nationally language
  and is called external language (E- language).
  Transformation between deep and surface language
  structure is realized by the transform grammar.
• http//www.chomsky.info/

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John Langshav Austin (1911 - 1960)
Distinguish performatives and constantives. Consta
ntive is only statement, e.g. The computer is
old, or the sky is blue etc. Performative is
realization of speech action, e.g. The permission
is granted, I promise you do something etc.

• British philosopher - linguistic phenomenalist.
  Object of his interest was an natural language
  (not artificial/logical like a B. Russel). His
  main work is theory of speech act. The language
  is not static system, but language is activity,
  is realisating of a speech act.
• . http//www.philosophypages.com/ph/aust.htm

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John Rogers Searle (1932)

• English philosopher, concentrated to a natural
  language philosophy (follower of J. L. Austin).
• He developing theory of speech acts.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle

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Social AnthropologyCultural determination of
cognitive processes

• How can culture influence the cognition?
• SapirWhorf hypothesis - structure of a language
  affects the ways in which its speakers are able
  to conceptualize their world.

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Minimal Social Convention Cultural concept used
in AI

• Minimal social convention is agreement, that all
  in-group members known our goals and
  make a commitment to
• norm ( T f ? ?)
• Norm standard
• T comunity of (agents)
• F common goals
• ? prerequisite of achieve of a goals.

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NeuroscienceCognition from biological point of
view.

• Karl Pribram holografic theory of memory.

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NeuroscienceCognition from biological point of
view.

• Karl Pribram holografic theory of memory.

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K. H. Pribram

• Informations in the brain are stored in more
  layers and same information lay in more or all of
  this layers. Thus made a complex image and allow
  reconstruction of complete information from their
  fragment.
• http//www.cts.cuni.cz/events/pribram.html

K., H., Pribram. Mozek a mysl. Gallery, Praha
1999. Fourier transformation transfer of the
data from space-time (global) domain to spectral
(local) domain.
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Projection of phenomenon in cortexSomething is
accessible for the consciousness when has an
image in cerebral cortex.
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Brodmann Cytoarchitectonic  mapWhat given part
of cerebal cortex do?

• German neurologist Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918)

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Artificial IntelligenceHow to realize all of
this on computers?

• The science and engineering of making intelligent
  machines.
• pattern recognition
• planning
• machine learning
• representation of knowledge
• inference
• learning from experience
• ontology
• genetic programming

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Marvin Minski (1927)

• American mathematician. He imagine human thinking
  as a process of transformation of symbols of
  outer and inner world, according to given rules.
• http//web.media.mit.edu/minsky/
• AI is the ability of a computer or other machine
  to perform those activities that are normally
  thought to require intelligence.

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Cybernetics Norbert Wiener

• Feed Back Control
• Positive feed back
• negatife feed back

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Cognitive Science Components
How human psyche working?
Philosophy of science as a phylosophy of cognition
How to realise all of this on computers?
Language mediated cognition.
Cultural determination of cognitive processes
Cognition, from biological point of view.
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Cognitive Science Interconnections
What do the lines (asociations) means
Draw your interconnections and intersections
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Cognitive science
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George Kelly (1905 - 1967)
.A person.s processes are psychologically
channelized by the way in which he anticipates
events.

• Teorie osobních konstruktu (Personal construct
  theory)
• zpusob popisu, hodnocení, interpretace a
  vysvetlení sveta
• test repertoáru rolových konstruktu (role
  construct repertory test)