????????%203%20:%20??????????????%20(Methods%20of%20Proof) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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????????%203%20:%20??????????????%20(Methods%20of%20Proof)

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3 : (Methods of Proof) CHANON CHUNTRA ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ????????%203%20:%20??????????????%20(Methods%20of%20Proof)


1
???????? 3 ?????????????? (Methods of Proof)
  • CHANON CHUNTRA

2
??????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
3
????????????????? p ---gt q
?????????????????????? p --gt q ??????????? 3
???? ??? 1) ?????????? (Direct
proof) 2) ?????????????????????
(Contrapositive proof) 3)
?????????????? (Contradiction proof)
4
?????? 1 ??????? (Direct proof)
???????????? p --gt q ??????????????????????? p
--gt q ????????????????????? ??????????????
??????? ???????? p (??? p ???
S1, S2, S3, ,Sn) ???????????
q ??????? p --gt q
5
?????? 2 ??????????????????
(Contrapositive)
????????????????? p --gt q ????????????????? q
--gt p ??? ?????????????????
??????? ???????? q
(??? q, ???????, ??????? ???????????

???????????????) ??????????? p
??????? q --gt p ??????? p --gt q
6
?????? 3 ??????????????????? (Contradiction)
??????? ???????? p ??? q ????????
(??? p, q, ???????, ??????? ????
??????????????????????)
??????????? ??????????????????
(c) ??????? p q --gt c ??????? p
--gt q ????????
7
3.2 ????????????????????????????
(Proof by Contradiction)
??????? ???????? p ????????
(??? p , ???????, ??????? ????
??????????????????????)
??????????? q q ??????? p
--gt q q ??????? p ????????
8
?????????????????????? p lt--gt q
????????? (p --gt q) (q --gt p) (p lt--gt q)
??????? ???????????? ???????????????? p lt--gt q
???????????????????? 2 ??? ??? 1) p --gt q
?????????????????? if part ???? sufficient
part (p ????????????????????????????
q) ??? 2) q --gt p ?????????????????? only
if part ???? necessity part
(p??????????????????????????? q)
9
?????????????????????? p lt--gt q
???????????????? p lt--gt q ?????????????? p
--gt q ??? p --gt q ????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
p lt--gt q ???????????? Iff String ???
??????????????????????????????????? ??? p ??
q
10
?????????????????????????????? (Proof by
Cases)
???????????????? (p v q --gt r) (p --gt r) (q
--gt r) ???????? ?????????????????????? (p v q)
--gt r ???????? ????????????????????? p --gt r
??? q --gt r ???????? ?????????????????????????
????????? ???????????????????????
11
?????????????????????????????????????????
(Disproof by Counter Example)
?????????? ?? x, p(x) ???????? ????????????
???????????
??????? ????? a ?????????? ?????? a E
U ??????????? p(a) ????????
??????? ?? x, p(x) ???????? ??????? ??? x,
p(x) ????????
12
??????????????? (??????????????) ???
????????????????? (Proof of
Existence and Uniqueness)
??????????????? ?????????????????
????????????????? 1 ????????????????????? U
??????????????????????????????? ????????
????????????????? ?? x ?????? p(x) ????????
?????????????? 1 ????????????????????????????? x
????????? p(x) ????????
13
??????????????? (??????????????) ???
????????????????? (Proof of
Existence and Uniqueness)
???????????????????? ?? x ???????????????????
p(x) ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ?? x
????????????? (Unique) ???????? ???????? p(x)
???????? ????????????? 2 ??????? ??? 1.
?????????? ?? x ?????? p(x) ???????? (???????
?? x ???????????????????????????????????
p(x)) 2. ?????????? ??? x ??? y p(x) p(y) --gt
x y (????????? x ???????????????????????????
???????????? p(x))
14
????????????????????????????????????? (The
Principle of Mathematical Induction)
??????? 3.9.1 ????????????????????????????????
???????????? 1 (The first method of proof by
mathematical induction) ?????? n E N ???
p(n) ??? ??????????????????????? n ??? (1)
p(1) ???????? (?????????????? basic step)
??? (2) ?????? k E N ??? p(k) ????????
???? p(k 1) ???? ????????
(????????????? induction step) ????????????
p(n) ???????? ????????? ? ???????? n
15
????????????????????????????????????? (The
Principle of Mathematical Induction)
?????? 3.9.2 ??????????????????? n ??? p(n)
??? ??????????????????????? n ??? m
??????????????????????? ??? (1)
p(m) ???????? ??? (2) ????????? ?
???????? k ???? k gt m ??? p(k)
???????? ???? p(k 1) ????????????
???????????? p(n) ???????? ????????? ?
???????? n ???? n gt m
16
?????????????????????????????????????
(The Principle of Mathematical Induction)
??????? 3.9.3 ???????????????????????????????????
????????? 2 (The second method of proof by
mathematical induction ???? Strong
induction) ??????????????????? n ??? p(n)
??? ??????????????????????? n ??? (1)
p(1) ???????? ??? (2) ???????????????????
m ??? p(k) ???????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? k
???? k lt m ???? p(m 1) ????????
???????????? p(n) ???????? ????????? ?
???????? n
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