Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules) Module 23 Thinking James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)


1
Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in
Modules)
  • Module 23
  • Thinking
  • James A. McCubbin, PhD
  • Clemson University
  • Worth Publishers

2
Thinking
  • Cognition
  • mental activities associated with thinking,
    knowing, remembering, and communicating
  • Cognitive Psychologists
  • study these mental activities
  • concept formation
  • problem solving
  • decision making
  • judgment formation

3
Thinking
  • Concept
  • mental grouping of similar objects, events,
    ideas, or people
  • Prototype
  • mental image or best example of a category
  • matching new items to the prototype provides a
    quick and easy method for including items in a
    category (as when comparing feathered creatures
    to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)

4
Thinking
  • Algorithm
  • methodical, logical rule or procedure that
    guarantees solving a particular problem
  • contrasts with the usually speedierbut also more
    error-prone--use of heuristics

5
Thinking
  • Heuristic
  • simple thinking strategy that often allows us to
    make judgments and solve problems efficiently
  • usually speedier than algorithms
  • more error-prone than algorithms

6
Thinking
  • Unscramble
  • S P L O Y O C H Y G
  • Algorithm
  • all 907,208 combinations
  • Heuristic
  • throw out all YY combinations
  • other heuristics?

7
Thinking
  • Insight
  • sudden and often novel realization of the
    solution to a problem
  • contrasts with strategy-based solutions
  • Confirmation Bias
  • tendency to search for information that confirms
    ones preconceptions
  • Fixation
  • inability to see a problem from a new perspective
  • impediment to problem solving

8
The Matchstick Problem
  • How would you arrange six matches to form four
    equilateral triangles?

9
The Three-Jugs Problem
  • Using jugs A, B, and C, with the capacities
    shown, how would you measure out the volumes
    indicated?

10
The Candle-Mounting Problem
  • Using these materials, how would you mount the
    candle on a bulletin board?

11
Thinking
  • Functional Fixedness
  • tendency to think of things only in terms of
    their usual functions
  • impediment to problem solving

12
The Matchstick Problem
  • Solution to the matchstick problem

13
The Three-Jugs Problem
  • Solution a) All seven problems can be
    solved by the equation shown in (a) B - A - 2C
    desired volume.
  • b) But simpler solutions exist for problems 6 and
    7, such as A - C for problem 6.

14
The Candle-Mounting Problem
  • Solving this problem requires recognizing that a
    box need not always serve as a container

15
Heuristics
  • Representativeness Heuristic
  • judging the likelihood of things in terms of how
    well they seem to represent, or match, particular
    prototypes
  • may lead one to ignore other relevant information

16
Heuristics
  • Availability Heuristic
  • estimating the likelihood of events based on
    their availability in memory
  • if instances come readily to mind (perhaps
    because of their vividness), we presume such
    events are common
  • Example airplane crash

17
Thinking
  • Overconfidence
  • tendency to be more confident than correct
  • tendency to overestimate the accuracy of ones
    beliefs and judgments

18
Thinking
  • Framing
  • the way an issue is posed
  • how an issue is framed can significantly affect
    decisions and judgments
  • Example What is the best way to market ground
    beef--as 25 fat or 75 lean?

19
Thinking
  • Belief Perseverance
  • clinging to ones initial conceptions after the
    basis on which they were formed has been
    discredited
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