Differential Solar Heating

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Differential Solar Heating
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Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air
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Hadley Cells and the Major Winds
Hadley cell anim
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Coriolis Effect
Objects Moving in a Circle and Along a Straight
Line are Seemingly Deflected when Moving Across
Areas Moving More Slowly
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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Biomes as a Function of Temperature vs.
Precipitation
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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Tropical Rainforest

• Greater than 80" of rain per year
• Huge biodiversity
• Rapid organic decay, nutrients largely in the
  vegetation instead of the soil (soil relatively
  poor)
• Dense foliage, parasitic plants
• Animals butterflies, toucans, anacondas,
  orangutans, tigers, chimpanzee, gorilla, piranha
• Found in Brazil, Central Africa, Central
  America, Philippines

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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Savanna (Tropical Grassland)

• 40-60 inches of rain per year
• Sod grasses hold moisture year-round
• Severe dry season and short wet season
• Frequent fires
• Scattered and few trees
• Animals Herds of gazelles, zebras, giraffes,
  and kangaroos (in Australia)
• Found in Central Africa, Eastern South America,
  Australia

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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Desert

• Found at 30o N or S latitude or in rain shadows
• lt 10 inches (25 cm) of rain per year
• Both hot and cold deserts exist (tundra a cold
  desert)
• Plants are often spiny with minimal leaves and
  thick cuticles
• Animals are nocturnal, living burrows, conserve
  water (e.g. lizards, kangaroo rats, coyotes)
• Found in the Mojave of California, the Sonoran
  of W. Central America, the Chihuahuan in Texas,
  the Great Basin of Utah, the Sahara of Egypt, the
  Gobi of Australia

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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Chaparral

• Long, hot and dry summers
• Mild, rainy winters
• Frequent fires and drought
• Spiny shrub adapted for fire like manzanita,
  coyote brush, ceanothus, live oak
• Animals include lizards, mule deer, cinnamon
  towhees

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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Temperate Grasslands Prairie, Steppes, Pampas

• Distinct hot/cold seasons
• Fewer fires than in the savanna
• No trees except around water courses
• Sod grasses hold soil and water - fertile and
  under cultivation in the US
• Animals include prairie dogs, rattlesnakes,
  meadowlarks, mice

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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Temperature Deciduous Forest

• Warm/mild summers
• Moderate rainfall in the winters (light snow)
• Trees are broadleaf, deciduous and include oak,
  birch, maple, and cottonwoods
• Rich soil
• Animals include bobcats, foxes, chipmunks,
  raccoons, and wolves
• Found in Eastern US, Europe

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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Northern Coniferous Forest

• Coniferous-evergreen trees including firs,
  pines, larches and spruces
• Cold hard and long winters with much snow
• Animals include moose, caribou, hares, jays,
  beaver, bears
• Northernmost edge of con. forest sometimes
  classified as a different biome (taiga) with
  stunted trees

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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Tundra

• Short grasses, herbs, dwarf shrubs, lichens
• Relatively flat with some low hills
• Permanently frozen soil (permafrost) extending
  some 300 feet deep in northern areas
• Short growing seasons, huge explosion of insect
  populations
• Animals include caribous, reindeer, foxes,
  lemmings
• Very sensitive ecologically soil disturbance
  produces ponds and lakes that take several
  hundreds of years to return to tundra

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Map of the Major Biomes of the World
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Marine and Aquatic Waters

• Fresh water provinces
• Plants include lilies, algae, milfoil, Elodea
• Animals include frogs, salamanders, turtles
• May freeze over in the winter
• Saltwater (marine) provinces - the ocean
• Covers 3/4 of the earth's surface
• Huge gradient in sunlight and temperature
• Huge gradient in pressure
• Large amount of photosynthesis at the surface
• Animals include whales, dolphins, otters, fish,
  arthropod crustaceans

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Altitude and Biome-like Communities
Every 1000 feet gain in altitude equivalent to
10o N or S latitude
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Biomes Map Used on Exams