Ch.15, Sec.1- America

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Ch.15, Sec.1- Americas Spiritual Awakening
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The Second Great Awakening

• Charles Grandison Finney was one of the most
  important leaders of the Second Great Awakening.
  Finney held prayer meetings that would last for
  days, and many people converted to Christianity
  during these revivals.
• Church membership grew across the country during
  the Second Great Awakening, many of whom were
  women or African-American.

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Transcendentalism and Utopian Communities

• Transcendentalism was the belief that people
  could rise above the material things in life,
  such as money and personal belongings.
  Transcendentalists believed that people should
  depend on themselves instead of upon outside
  authority. Some people who believed in this
  philosophy were
• Ralph Waldo Emerson, who wrote about his beliefs
  in his essay Self Reliance in 1841. In his essay,
  he said Americans depended too much on
  institutions and traditions, and he wanted people
  to follow their personal beliefs and use their
  own judgment.
• Margaret Fuller, who wrote a book called Woman in
  the Nineteenth Century in 1845. In it, she said
  women had the right to choose their own paths in
  life.
• Henry David Thoreau, who expressed his ideas in
  his book Walden, or Life in the Woods, in 1854.

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Transcendentalism and Utopian Communities cont.

• In the 1840s some transcendentalists formed a
  community at Brook Farm, Massachusetts, which
  didnt last long. It was an attempt at having a
  utopian community, which tried to form a perfect
  society on Earth. In 1774, Ann Lee started a
  community of Shakers, which were called that
  because their bodies would shake during worship.

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The American Romantics

• Famous American romantics during this time period
  were 1. Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote The
  Scarlet Letter. 2. Herman Melville, who wrote
  Moby Dick and Billy Budd. 3. Edgar Allen Poe, who
  wrote The Raven.
• Several famous poets came out of this time period
  as well, like Emily Dickinson, who only had 2 of
  her poems published during her lifetime, but
  hundreds published after her death in 1886. Henry
  Wadsworth Longfellow published Hiawatha, the
  Courtship of Miles Standish, and Tales of a
  Wayside Inn. John Greenleaf Whittier wrote Poems
  Written during the Progress of the Abolition
  Question. Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass
  in 1855.

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Sec.2- Immigrants and Cities
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Waves of Immigrants

• More than 4 million immigrants settled in the
  U.S. between 1840 and 1860, which 3 million were
  German or Irish. Most of the Irish immigrants who
  came over during this time period came to escape
  the Potato famine.

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The Nativist Response

• Americans who opposed immigration and didnt
  trust Catholic immigrants were called nativists.
  In 1849, nativists founded a secret society that
  became a political organization known as the
  Know-Nothing Party. It was called this because
  when asked a question by an outsider they
  responded I know nothing. They wanted to keep
  Catholics and immigrants out of public office.
  They also wanted immigrants to have to live in
  the U.S. for at least 21 years before they could
  become citizens.

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Urban Problems

• Many people, particularly immigrants, could only
  afford to live in dirty, overcrowded buildings
  called tenements. Many cities did not have clean
  water, public health regulations, or clean ways
  to get rid of garbage and human waste. This led
  to the spreading of diseases. Urban areas also
  became centers of criminal activity, with most
  cities having no permanent police force to fight
  crime. Instead, they used volunteer night
  watches, which were pretty useless.

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Sec.3- Reforming Society
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Prison Reform

• Dorothea Dix reported on the conditions in
  prisons of how mentally ill people were being
  jailed with criminals. In response, the
  government of Massachusetts created special,
  separate facilities for mentally ill people.
  Eventually more than 100 state hospitals were
  built.

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Campaigning against Alcohol Abuse

• During the 1830s, the average alcohol consumption
  per person was 7 gallons a year. Many reformers
  believed alcohol abuse caused social problems
  such as family violence, poverty, and criminal
  behavior. Americans worries about the effects of
  alcohol led to the growth of a temperance
  movement, which urged people to stop drinking
  hard liquor and limit drinking of beer and wine
  to small amounts. Some people wanted to outlaw
  the sale of alcohol altogether.

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Education in America

• Most parents generally wanted their kids to learn
  to read the Bible, write, and do simple math.
  Most children worked in factories or farms to
  help support the family. In schools, the main
  textbook used in the mid-1800s was the McGuffeys
  Readers, put together by an educator and
  Presbyterian minister named William Holmes
  McGuffey. Girls were also held out of school more
  of the time than boys.

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The Common-School Movement

• People in the common-school movement wanted all
  children educated in a common place, regardless
  of class or background. Horace Mann was the
  leading voice for education reform in the
  mid-1800s. He doubled the state school budget in
  Massachusetts and helped teachers earn better
  salaries. He also made the school year longer and
  founded the first school for teacher training.

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Womens Education

• Catharine Beecher became one of the most
  effective reformers of womens education in the
  early 1800s. She started an all female academy in
  Hartford, Connecticut, and wrote several
  important essays, including On the Education of
  Female Teachers.
• In 1821, Emma Willard founded a college level
  institution for women called Troy Female
  Seminary, which was the first school of its kind
  in the U.S.
• In 1837, Oberlin College became the first
  co-educational college in the U.S.

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African American Schools

• In 1835, Oberlin College was the first college to
  admit black students.

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Teaching People with Disabilities

• Samuel Gridley Howe opened a school in 1831
  called the Perkins Institution in Massachusetts
  for people with visual impairments.
• In 1817, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet founded the
  first free American school for people with
  hearing impairments in Hartford, Connecticut.

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Sec.4- The Movement to End Slavery
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Abolition

• Some people wanted abolition, or the complete end
  to slavery, and some wanted emancipation, where
  all enslaved African Americans would be freed
  from slavery.
• Some antislavery reformers wanted to send freed
  African Americans to Africa to start colonies
  there. In 1817, a minister named Robert Finley
  started the American Colonization Society. 5
  Years later, the society founded the colony of
  Liberia on the west coast of Africa. About 12,000
  African Americans eventually settled in Liberia.
• David Walker wrote in an essay in 1829, titled
  Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, why
  he was against colonization.

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Spreading the Abolitionist Message

• William Lloyd Garrison published an abolitionist
  newspaper in 1831 called The Liberator. In 1833,
  he also helped found the American Anti-Slavery
  Society, which wanted immediate emancipation and
  racial equality for African Americans.
• Angelina and Sarah Grimke were members of a
  slaveholding family in South Carolina. Angelina
  Grimke wrote a pamphlet titled Appeal to the
  Christian Women of the South in 1836. These 2
  sisters became the first women to speak before
  male and female audiences of Anti-Slavery
  Society. In 1839, they wrote American Slavery As
  It Is, which was one of the most important
  antislavery writings of the time.

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African Americans Fight Against Slavery

• Frederick Douglass published a pro-abolition
  newspaper called North Star.
• In 1861, Harriet Jacobs wrote Incidents in the
  Life of a Slave Girl, which was one of the few
  narratives written by a woman.
• William Wells Brown wrote an anti-slavery play
  and novel called Clotel.

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The Underground Railroad

• The Underground Railroad was a network of people
  who arranged transportation and hiding places for
  escaped slaves. These slaves were guided by the
  North Star. They would stop to rest at
  stations. These would be the homes of
  abolitionists known as conductors. The most
  famous of the conductors on the Underground
  Railroad was Harriet Tubman. Tubman escaped
  slavery in 1849, and she also led her family and
  more than 300 slaves to freedom. She never lost a
  fugitive. It is estimated that about 40,000
  slaves were set free by the Underground Railroad
  between 1810 and 1850.
• Between 1836-1844 the U.S. House of
  Representatives used a Gag Rule to prevent
  discussions of the thousands of antislavery
  petitions it received, which violated the First
  Amendment.

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Sec.5- Womens Rights
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The Seneca Falls Convention

• In 1838, Sarah Grimke published a pamphlet
  arguing for equal rights for women called Letters
  on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of
  Women.
• In 1840, Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the
  Worlds Anti-Slavery Convention in London,
  England while on her honeymoon. Stanton had to
  watch the meeting separately from her husband
  because women could not participate. Women had to
  sit in a separate gallery of the convention hall,
  hidden from the mens view by a curtain. 8 years
  later, Stanton and Lucretia Mott announced the
  Seneca Falls Convention. This meeting began on
  July 19, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York. This
  convention was the first public meeting about
  womens rights to be held in the U.S.

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The Continuing Struggle

• Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony were important
  leaders in the womens rights movement. Anthony
  argued that women and men should receive equal
  pay for equal work and that women should be
  allowed to enter traditionally male professions
  such as law. Anthony also collected more than
  6,000 signatures to petition for a new property
  rights law. In 1860, New York gave married women
  ownership of their wages and property, which
  other states soon followed with similar laws.