Baroque

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Baroque
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Late 16th century throughout 17th century

• Stylistically complex and often containing
  opposing styles
• Emotional response by invoking sensory stimuli
• Drama
• Movement
• Baroque pulled from the emotion and movement
  idealized in Mannerism
• Combined the above with ideals of solidity,
  formidable figures and grandeur from High
  Renaissance

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Background

• Rome artistic capital of Europe again
• Catholic church biggest patron of arts
• Associated with the Catholic Counter Reformation
• Movement spread outward from Rome
• Each area modified the movement to fit their
  ideology.Spain/Latin America more zealous on
  religious ideology, whereas in Holland it barely
  appeared
• France saw great culmination in Baroque through
  patronage of Louis XIV, who saw the interaction
  between the arts culminate in a powerful display
  of royaltyVersailles and its gardens, art,
  sculptures etc

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Notable Artists

• From ItalyCaravaggio, Annibale Carracci,
  Gianlorenzo Bernini and Andrea Pozzo
• From Flanders Peter Paul Rubens

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Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio

• 1573-1610
• Born in Caravaggio
• Orphaned at 11
• Apprenticed to Simone Peterzano for 4 years
• Traveled to Rome where a dealer introduced him to
  Cardinal Francesco del Monte
• Commissioned at age 24 to paint at the church San
  Luigi dei Francesi
• Created 3 panel works on St. Matthew that were so
  realistic and dramatic, people were affronted
• Despite criticismhe flourished and became
  celebrated
• Ran into troublewanted for murder and fled Rome,
  waiting for a pardon from the Pope
• He traveled incessantly
• Ended up in Malta, where he was celebrated as
  great artist and received pardon
• Wrongfully imprisoned for a couple days, the boat
  that was to take him to Rome left with his
  possessions but forgot him
• He was so despondant, fatigued and ill, he
  collapsed on beach and died a few days later

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The Inspiration of Saint Matthew 1602 Oil on
canvas, 9' 8 1/2" x 6' 2 1/2" Contarelli Chapel,
Church of San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome
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Judith Beheading Holofernes c. 1598 Oil on
canvas
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The Sacrifice of Isaac 1590-1610 Oil on canvas
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Annibale Carracci

• 1560-1609
• Belonged to a family of painters from Bolognese
• All extremely talented and eventually created a
  school for artisans called Academia degli
  Incamminati (Academy of the Progressives)
• Stressed Life Drawing and incredible
  draughtsmanship
• Influenced and trained many incredible artists
• 1595, Annibale called to Rome to paint Cardinal
  Odoardo Farnese to paint in his palace gallery
• The ceiling in the larger gallery became one of
  the great fresco masterpieces, in company with
  Michaelangelos Sistine Chapel and Raphaels
  Vatican works
• Technically amazing
• Created hundreds of drawing preparing for the
  frescoes
• This planning was influential to artists
  thereafter
• Fell out of favor near the end of his
  lifestopped painting for the last few years of
  his life
• Buried near Raphael

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Detail of the Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne by
Annibale Carracci, the Farnese Gallery, 1595
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The Virgin Appearing to St Luke and St
Catherine1592Oil on canvas
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Baroque architecture

• Utilized to help establish grandeur of Royal
  class and strengthen ties to Catholic Church
• 1) Standard practice to incorporate a horizontal
  line of statues along roof to hide sloping angles
• Introduced this concept to any horizontal line,
  such as garden walls
• 2) Use of statue forms to replace columns
  caryatids uprights in the form of female or
  telamons uprights in the male form
• 3) Use of freize coat of arms, trophies etc
  extolling royalty

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Characteristics

• Dramatic use of lighting either strong
  light-and-shade contrasts (chiaroscuro effects)
  as at the church of Weltenburg Abbey, or uniform
  lighting by means of several windows (e.g. church
  of Weingarten Abbey)
• opulent use of colour and ornaments (putti or
  figures made of wood (often gilded), plaster or
  stucco, marble or faux finishing)
• large-scale ceiling frescoes
• an external façade often characterized by a
  dramatic central projection
• the interior is a shell for painting, sculpture
  and stucco (especially in the late Baroque)
• illusory effects like trompe l'oeil(is an art
  technique involving extremely realistic imagery
  in order to create the optical illusion that the
  depicted objects appear in three dimensions.) and
  the blending of painting and architecture
• pear-shaped domes in the Bavarian, Czech, Polish,
  and Ukrainian Baroque
• Marian and Holy Trinity columns erected in
  Catholic countries, often in thanksgiving for
  ending a plague

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Sicilian Baroque San Benedetto in Catania.
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Vaux-le-Vicomte near Paris Louis Le Vau and
André Le Nôtre, 1661
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Wilanów palace in Warsaw represents a modest type
of baroque residence
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Sculpture
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Gianlorenzo Bernini

• 1598-1680
• Son of a sculptor, who instructed and helped
  Bernini gain patronage
• Virtuoso
• Transformed sculptural works from single
  viewpoints to works that required the viewer to
  walk around work to see complete story the
  visual story often includes space beyond viewer
• Integrated painting, architecture and sculpture
  in his works
• sculptor son Domenico summed him up best 'Aspro
  di natura, fisso nell'operazione, ardente
  nell'ira' - 'stern by nature, rock steady in
  work, warm in anger'.

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Apollo and Daphne1622-25Carrara marble
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David1623-24White marble
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Baldaccino over the High Altar of St.
Peter's1624-33Bronze and goldHeight 95
feetVatican, Rome
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Ecstasy of St. Teresa1647-52Marbleheight c.
11' 6"
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Peter Paul Rubens

• Flemish born painter 1577-1640
• Knighted in Spain and England
• Painter, architect, scholar
• Style characteristics Movement, color, and
  sensuality

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The Conversion of St. Paul
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Christ and St. John with Angels
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The Rape of Europa c. 1630
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Daniel in the Lions' Den (detail) 1613
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Critique Andrea Pozzo SantIgnazio Church Trompe
Loeil Ceiling 1680's
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Michaelangelo sistine chapel ceiling
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Resources

• http//www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/baroque/
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese
• http//www.students.sbc.edu/oneal08/Cornaro20Chap
  el.html
• http//www.artchive.com/artchive/B/bernini.html
• http//www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-Ba
  roque.htm
• http//www.peterpaulrubens.org/

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Critique
Artemisia Gentileschi 1593 1656 Judith
Beheading Holofernes
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Correggio Ganymede1531-32Oil on canvas
Comparative Summary
Peter Paul Rubens Christ and St. John with Angels
oil on canvas