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Section 1-5
Building Support for Imperialism

• Beginning in the 1880s, Americans wanted the
  United States to become a world power.

-Imperialism the economic and political
domination of a strong nation over weaker nations
-extractive economy economy in which an
imperial country removed raw materials from its
colonies
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• Causes of Expansion
• Economic - to acquire more raw materials for
  industries new markets
• Military to protect the investments we need
  foreign bases for our ships to refuel
• -Alfred T. Mahan Influence of Sea Power on
  History
• Ideological Social Darwinism belief that God
  had given Americans ability to expand
• -Frederick Turner expansion acted as a safety
  valve to stop internal conflicts

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• Expansion in the Pacific
• Businesses were investing in foreign countries
  and were very concerned about protecting those
  investments
• -Matthew Perry trips to Japan
• -Alaska in 1867 from Russia
• -- Industrialism led to a growing need for
  foreign markets (especially in Latin America,
  Samoa)
• -- ex. Hawaii taken from Hawaiian Queen
  Liliuokalani for American businessmen in 1893
• -1898 it became a US territory

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• In our history, the US has followed 3 foreign
  polices
• Isolationism not getting involved at all in
  other countries
• Imperialism
• Interventionism not actually getting involved,
  but giving help and supplies when needed.

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• Cuba was one area in Latin America that U.S.
  business invested in heavily
• -90 miles off the coast of Florida
• -under Spanish rule (very brutal to the native
  Cubans)
• Spain also controlled the Philippines
• -the native Cuban people wanted independence

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• -they began to revolt against the Spanish
  government but the Spaniards just increased the
  brutality
• When the Cuban government became a threat to our
  investments in 1898
• -President McKinley ordered the battleship Maine
  into Havana Harbor to protect our investments and
  evacuate Americans if needed in January, 1898

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• -on February 15, 1898, the ship exploded killing
  260 men
• -an early investigation discovered what looked
  like a submarine mine but could not prove it was
  the Spanish
• -78 years later discovered it was really a faulty
  boiler
• Back in the U.S. newspapers said the Spanish
  were to blame

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• -yellow journalism- reporters that stir up the
  emotions of the readers without actually paying
  attention to the facts
• -Newspapers competed to sell papers
• -Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

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• At first President McKinley opposed any type of
  U.S. intervention,
• -but eventually he agreed to help on April 24,
  1898.

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• 2. What does the article want the US to do?
• 3. How does the letter describe McKinley?
• 4. What effect did the resignation of DeLome have
  on the US?
• 5. Besides economic, what other causes were
  there?
• 6. How confident were the reporters that it was
  truly a bomb?
• 7. What was the hope of Woodford on the part of
  Spain?

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• Now, from the list of causes, rank them 1 7,
  with 1 being the most important cause 7 having
  the least influence.
• Next, explain why you have chosen your 1 cause
  as being the most important reason we went to war
  with Spain.

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• War actually began in the Philippines where a
  revolt was also going on
• -Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt and believed that
  the U.S. would help him set the Philippines free
• -the entire Spanish fleet was sunk at the Battle
  of Manila by Commodore George Dewey on May 1,
  1898
• -US lost only one sailor

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• this victory removed Philippines from Spanish
  control
• -However, the U.S. remained in control of the
  Philippines until after World War II
• -later, Aguinaldo would lead a revolt against the
  US

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• The American army was untrained and unequipped
• -not ready to fight in the jungle-like conditions
• -5,000 died from typhoid, yellow fever, and the
  effects of eating tainted meat and food (took so
  long to get food to them)

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• Theodore Roosevelt (not yet president)- resigned
  as Asst. Secretary of the Navy to join in the
  fighting in Cuba
• -he organized the Rough Riders
• a volunteer unit made up of men from all areas
  (retired soldiers, society elites)
• -remembered for their charge up San Juan Hill to
  defeat the Spanish in the battle

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Moment in History 2
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• July 3, 1898- U.S. navy sunk Spanish fleet in
  Cuba
• -took control of Puerto Rico without much fight
• -August 12, 1898, Spain signed an armistice
• -Called the "Splendid Little War", it did not
  last long (little over 3 months)
• -but had a very lasting impact on the US

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• Peace Treaty
• -McKinley began to set up military governments in
  Latin America
• -Cuba given independence but had to include the
  Platt Amendment in their Const.
• (-it said that if Cuba got into trouble, we could
  take it over
• -gave U.S. right to est. a naval base there
  Guantanamo Bay)

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• -U.S. also got control of Guam, Puerto Rico,
  Philippines for 20 million
• -In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the
  United States.
• United States now is a world player

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• .
• Theodore Roosevelt
• -Spanish-American War hero
• -VP under McKinley (who died in 1901 from an
  assassins bullet Leon Czolgosz )
• -as president, he wanted to increase U.S. world
  involvement
• -"Speak softly and carry a big stick"
• --1907 he sent his newly built navy on a
  goodwill tour of the world called the Great
  White Fleet
• -to show the increased power of the US military

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• Roosevelt Corollary
• -was added to the Monroe Doctrine (1824)
• (it warned European nations to stay out of
  western hemisphere problems)
• -R. C. gave the U.S. the right to intervene or
  police Latin America
• -was used to justify intervention in Dominican
  Republic, Panama, and Cuba when needed.
• -problem with it?

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• -Foreign Policy plan that guides the activities
  and relationships of one country in its
  interactions with other countries
•  -Imperialism you already know this one
•  -Isolationism a policy of national isolation
  by staying away from alliances and other
  international political and economic relations
• - Interventionism government interference in
  economic affairs at home in political affairs of
  another country

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• Panama (a province of Colombia)
• -ever since the 1500's, people wanted a canal
  there
• -1880 the French bought a 5 year lease (from
  Colombia) for the land and tried but couldn't
  finish the job
• -Roosevelt got sole ownership by buying out the
  French
• -we still had to get permission from Colombia
• -they refused because they wanted to sell it to
  the highest bidder

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• -U.S. backed a revolt in Panama and helped them
  gain their independence from Colombia
• -2 weeks later they gave the U.S. permission to
  build the canal
• -1904 construction started
• -However, after it was built, 1921 the U.S. made
  25 million payment to Colombia

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• -biggest obstacle was the diseases carried by
  mosquitoes ( malaria and yellow fever )
• -realized that to stop the illness you had to
  stop the mosquitoes
• -enacted a policy of not allowing any standing
  water anywhere near the construction zone
• -finally a doctor, William Gorgas, developed
  penicillin to take
• -geography also made it difficult torrential
  rain mudslides
• -took over 43,000 workers to complete

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M/C 3-2
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• -finally completed in 1914, costing 400 million
• -ships had to pay to go through it
• - highest fare 331,200 (2008,
• Disney Magic cruise ship)
• - lowest fare .36 (1928, Richard
  Halliburton swam the canal)
• http//www.pancanal.com/eng/general/howitworks/com
  o-tour.html

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• Philippines
• -although they were promised independence,
• -helped the U.S. by giving an easy access route
  to China and rest of Asia
• -freedom forces fought against US until they were
  put down
• -remained under U.S. until 1946

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• China
• was a limitless market
• Also a very weak nation so foreign countries did
  much business there
• "spheres of influence"- foreign powers controlled
  the economic and political decisions of certain
  regions of China

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• -U.S. supported the Open Door Policy- called for
  equal commercial opportunity for all nations
  trading with China
• -1900- a group of Chinese rebels (called the
  Boxers) wanted to get the foreigners out of China
• -they rebelled against all of the foreign
  businesses located in China and killed 300 of
  them

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• troops were sent in from U.S., Russia, Japan,
  Britain
• eventually they were defeated

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• President Roosevelt felt he had an international
  duty to act as a police officer
• -U.S. had a right to impose its values on weaker
  countries and to protect American interests
• -many countries developed a resentment toward the
  U.S. because of this belief

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• 1912 election- William Howard Taft elected
  President (Rep.)
• -"Dollar Diplomacy"-
• -encouraged the U.S. to invest in foreign
  countries rather than sending troops
• -to make the country stable ("substitute
  dollars for bullets")

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• 1916- Woodrow Wilson elected
• -believed in a "Moral Diplomacy"- work for world
  peace
• Mexican Revolution (1910- 1917)
• -Mexican leader General Vicoriano Huerta
• -U.S. wanted to help Venustiano Carranza take
  control
• - April 1914 U.S. forces attacked Vera Cruz and
  full war was avoided because Brazil and Chile
  stepped in

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• -Pancho Villa, a supporter of Huerta, attacked
  several U.S. towns on the Mexican-American border
  
• -killed many people
• -but fled back into Mexico before he could be
  captured
• -late 1914 Carranza did take over and promised to
  help the U.S. find Villa, but we never did
• -Focus would turn to Europe, about to explode
  into WWI

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• WORLD WAR I
• Reasons for the war
• By 1907, countries in Europe were competing
  alliances
• -1879- Germany and Austria-Hungary
• -1882- Italy joined and formed Triple Alliance
  (Central Powers), but was a weak member
• -This left France isolated

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• -1894- France and Russia joined together
• -later Britain joined to form the Triple Entente
  (Allies)
• (2) nationalism- belief one's country is the best
• (3) imperialism- a policy in which stronger
  nations attempt to create empires by dominating
  weaker nations
• (a) gain raw materials, (b) new markets, (c)
  milititary prestige

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• (4) 1800's- Slavs formed the nations of Bulgaria,
  Montenegro
• -Serbia was also Slavic, but land-locked
• --Austria-Hungary promised them the areas of
  Bosnia Herzegovina
• -But Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and
  Herzegovina for themselves
• -this made Serbia angry as well as Russia because
  they needed a warm water port
• -Groups formed which worked against
  Austria-Hungary in Serbia

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• (5) June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand,
  heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, went to
  Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital.
• -Both he and his wife were assassinated there by
  a Serbian supporter named Princip
• Austria-Hungary believed that the Serbian
  government had ordered the murder

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• July 28, 1914- they declared war on Serbia
• -Russia decided to help Serbia
• -Germany declared war on Russia (Aug. 1) and then
  France and Great Britain
• Both sides believed that it would be over quickly.

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• The fighting would be brutal
• -almost all of the fighting took place in central
  Europe
• September 1914 German forces made it to almost
  Paris, France
• -but were stopped by French and British troops.
• There both sides dug creating a stalemate.
• -fought from trenches
• -used this method due to the new types of weapons

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• Fighting was now very sophisticated due to modern
  technology
• -machine gun- firing 450 rounds a minute
• -tanks
• -airplanes- used to spy on enemy and later to
  kill in dogfights between enemy planes
• -chemical warfare poison chlorine gas

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• Loss of life was greater than in past conflicts
• -Battle of Verdun 595,000
• -Battle of Somme Br. lost 60,000 in one day
• -Morale sank due to fighting but not getting
  anywhere.
• -Soon war become one of attrition
• -seeing which side could wear the other one down

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• US INVOLVEMENT
• Americans fell into 3 different categories
• Isolationists
• Internationalists
• Interventionists
• -At 1st, officially, we were neutral, but events
  would change that
• -(1) During the fighting, Germany used submarines
  (called "u-boats)
• -but said that they would not sink a neutral ship
• -how do you determine a neutral ship from a
  submarine?

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• -90 non-military ships (U.S.) sunk in a two month
  period
• -this upset President Woodrow Wilson greatly
• Lusitania - May 1915
• -was sunk by a German submarine because it was
  thought to be carrying ammunitions
• -1200 people died (128 Americans)

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• Wilson gave Germany an ultimatum- stop bombing
  ships without warning
• they agreed Sussex Pledge
• Not enough to get us into war
• (2) Early 1917- Russian Revolution
• -people not happy with their leader so they
  decided to overthrow him (Czar Nicholas II)
• -V.I. Lenin communist
• -this took Russia out of the war completely

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• (3) 1917- a note was intercepted to the German
  minister in Mexico from Arthur Zimmermann
• -it encouraged Mexico to join the Central Powers
• -if Mexico would attack U.S., then Mexico would
  get southwestern part of U.S. when Central Powers
  won
• -This became known as the Zimmermann Telegram
  (Note)

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• -Also, 4 unarmed U.S. ships were sunk
• -Wilson felt that this was the last straw
• -April 6, 1917- he asked for the U.S. to declare
  war
• -May 1917- military draft
• -U.S. unprepared for war

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• Industrial production in the U.S. became more
  aimed toward the military
• -asked people not to waste food
• - sold Liberty Bonds to raise money to finance
  the war
• -Congress passed several acts, which limited the
  freedoms of American citizens
• --Espionage Act- illegal to interfere with the
  draft
• --Shenck v. US limits on free speech during
  wartime
• -support for the war was low in the beginning
• -used propaganda to convince people to help to
  get behind the war effort

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• --Sedition Act- illegal to interfere with sells
  of bonds or say anything bad about the government
• --imposed censorship on press
• --limited the actions of the unions (too radical)

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• When US did get over there, doughboys- nickname
  for the infantrymen in WWI
• With Russia out, Central Powers thought it would
  be easy to defeat Allies, but with the help of
  the U.S. Allies became strengthened
• -Battle of Chateau Thierry (in France) stopped a
  German advancement
• -August 8, 1918- Battle of Amiens- Allies stopped
  Central Powers westward advance

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• -August 11, 1918- Germany sensed end was near and
  wanted to talk terms,
• -but the Allies were not interested in any
  agreement that Germany could get concessions.
• -They wanted total surrender
• -September- Allies began to hit Germany with
  everything

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• -September 26 - final blow is given and Germany
  begged for an end the Battle of the Argonne
  Forest
• -November 11, 1918 - armistice (ceasefire)
• -More than 50,000 Americans died
• -1 million French, 900,000 British, 20 million
  civilians

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• Long before the end of the war, President Wilson
  began to think about a peace agreement
• -January 8, 1918- he introduced his "Fourteen
  Points Plan
• -called for an end to secret alliances
• -allow for self-determination
• -called for an organization made up of the
  countries of the world to keep peace (League of
  Nations)

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• January 1919- peace conference met in Paris
• -The Big Four- Great Britain, France, Italy, and
  U.S.
• -France and Britain wanted to punish Germany
• -France determined never to be invaded again so
  they wanted to make sure Germany could not get
  strong again

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• -15 year French control of the mineral resources
  of Alsace-Lorraine
• -British wanted reparations (payments from its
  enemy for the economic injury suffered in the
  war)
• - they wanted 33 billion (too much for Germany
  to pay)
• -called for the League of Nations to be formed
• June 28, 1919- the Treaty of Versailles was
  signed

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• July 8- Wilson returned home to present the
  treaty to get U.S. approval of the treaty (the
  Senate must say yes)
• However, many did not like the treaty because it
  called for the U.S. to join the League of Nations
  and they wanted to return to isolationism

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• Wilson sets out across the country to get public
  support for it
• but the treaty failed to pass the Senate.
• During his travels, he had a stroke and almost
  died.
• July 2, 1921- Congress passed a joint resolution
  formally ending the hostilities

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• Red Scare (1919 1920)
• -believed that a revolution could happen here
  just like in _____?
• -distrusted certain people, esp unions
  anarchists
• -Nichola Sacco Bartolomeo Vanzetti convicted in
  1921 of stealing killing a paymaster executed
  in 1927
• -Attorney General Palmer Palmer Raids

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End of Section 1
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Chapter Assessment 10
Geography and History
The map below shows the expansion of the United
States in 1900. Study the map and answer the
questions on the following slides.
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Chapter Assessment 11
Geography and History (cont.)
Interpreting Maps Approximately how far west is
the island of Guam from the west coast of the
United States?
Guam is approximately 6,500 miles (10,500
kilometers) from the west coast of the United
States.
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Chapter Assessment 12
Geography and History (cont.)
Applying Geography Skills Why did the United
States acquire so much island territory in the
Pacific?
The United States acquired it for military and
trade purposes.
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M/C 1-1
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M/C 3-1
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Technology and History 1
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Why It Matters Transparency
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2
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Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3
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• LOCATE THE FOLLOWING PLACES
• -Dominican Republic -Haiti
• -Puerto Rico -Cuba
• -Florida -Panama
• -Venezuela -Nicaragua
• -Colombia -Midway
• -Philippines -Guam
• -Hawaii -American Somoa
• -Japan -United States
• -Australia -Europe
• -Asia -Africa