I say I say I say boy, What the Cell?

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I say I say I say boy, What the Cell?

• An introduction to cells and their organelles!

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Cells! Who wants some?!
Not that type, but this kind
Cells have a lot of variety and some exists as
living, mobile entities
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More observations

• Finally in the 1800s, after the scientific
  community observed and recorded cell activities,
  they concluded this-The Cell Theory

1) Living things are composed of cells.
2) Cells are the basic units of structure and
function of living things.
3) Cells come from other cells
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The Tree of Life
At the base, one cell gave rise to species now
and once upon a time. It was probably a
self-replicating, bacterial cell. Its also
called the Last Universal Common Ancestor or LUCA.
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These guys are old!
This guy is too, but the oldest, known bacteria
dates back to about 3.5 Billion Years Ago. Our
current clocks at 6 Billion years.
Their DNA is also our DNA. At least genes that
control metabolism, energy, and replicating DNA.
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There was a split though!
From LUCA, there came two camps
Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have genetic material,
but its not contained in a membrane (nucleus).
An examples your basic bacterial cell. Think
simpler.
Eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have genetic material
bound in a membrane. An example is us. Think
complex.
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PRO -- NO
NO Nucleus
EU its true they DO have a nucleus
EU -- TRUE
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Prokaryotes
These fellahs, despite their simplicity, carryout
activities like any other living creature in
fact, they grow reproduce, respond to their
environment and can move. They are older and
smaller than Eukaryotes.
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The Prokaryotes

• Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes
• Key have genetic material that is not contained
  in the nucleus
• Less complicated than eukaryotes but still
  carry out all aspects of life
• Bacteria are prokaryotes

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Some Prokaryotic Examples
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Eukaryotes
These fellahs contain internal structures wrapped
in a membrane. Think tiny organs, or,
organelles.
Some eukaryotes live as single-celled organisms
others form large, multicellular organisms like
plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
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My Friends the Eukaryotes

• You are made of Eukaryotic cells!!!
• Usually contain dozens of structures and internal
  membranes
• Key Contain a nucleus in which genetic material
  is separated from the rest of the cell
• Can be highly specialized
• Much larger and more complex than prokaryotes
• Can be single celled or multicellular humans,
  hamsters, venus fly traps, etc.

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Some of our Eukaryotic friends
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Cell Types
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What is an organelle?

• Membrane bound structure that has a job to do in
  eukaryotic cells
• Theyre not in Prokaryotes! (bacteria)
• Plant cells have an organelle that animals dont
• Animals have one organelle plants dont.

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Plant vs Animal
VS
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Plant Cell
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Animal Cell
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Nucleus

• Control Center
• Contains nearly all DNA instructions for making
  proteins and other important molecules
• Surrounded by nuclear envelope
• Dotted with nuclear pores stuff in and out
• Nucleolus small dense region where
• assembly of ribosomes begins

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Chromosome

• (The Data) all the directions
• (DNA)

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Nucleolus

• A structure that is within the nucleus that
  produces ribosomes

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Transportation
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Covered in ribosomes (rough)
• Makes and transports proteins, especially
  membrane proteins
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
• Synthesis of membrane lipids
• Contain enzymes that can detoxification of drugs
  Liver has lots of SERs

Notice how the E.R. is attached to the nucleus .
Like the hallways
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Ribosomes!

• Protein Factory
• Proteins are assembled on these organelles by
  following coded instructions from the nucleus

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Smooth and Rough ER
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review!
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores
ER
Nucleus
Ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus

• Packaging Center
• Modify, sort, and package proteins and other
  materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for
  storage or secretion.

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Mitochondria

• Power House
• Convert chemical energy stored in food to a form
  a cell can use (ATP)
• In humans you get all of you mitochondria from
  your mom
• Contain own
• Mitochondrial DNA
• Has double membrane

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Chloroplast

• Food Factory
• Only in plants
• Captures energy from the sun and converts it into
  chemical energy by a process called
  photosynthesis
• Has double membrane

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Mitochondria/Chloroplasts

• These two utilize energy from food and the sun
  respectively and convert it into energy the cell
  can use.

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Cytoskeleton

• Cell Framework
• A network of protein filaments
• that helps the cell to maintain its shape

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Vacuoles

• Storage Facility
• More prevalent in plants
• Store materials like water, salts, proteins, and
  carbohydrates
• In plants, there is a large vacuole which helps
  with maintaining pressure.
• Allows plant to support heavy
• loads like leaves and branches

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Lysosome

• Waste Management
• In animal cells ONLY
• Have enzymes used to break down lipids,
  carbohydrates, and proteins
• breaking down old organelles

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Cell boundaries aka cell membrane

• Cell membrane regulates what enters/leaves the
  cell.

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Heres the protein channel embedded in the cell
membrane-doors
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Cell Wall

• Castle Wall
• Only in Plant Cells
• Provides support an protection for cell
• Mostly made of cellulose
• Cellulose is the key component of wood and paper

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Come on baby lets do the locomotion

• Flagella

• Cilia

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Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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The End . . . Or The Beginning