Designed or Evolved ?

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Designed or Evolved ?

• Is life evolved without a goal ?
• Or is life designed with a purpose ?

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Problems of Evolution

• Evolution steps must be small
• (otherwise new specie has no mate.)
• Problem 1 Life exhibits many irreducibly complex
  systems that are not likely to have evolved by
  small steps
• Problem 2 Researchers have found many look-alike
  animals evolved from completely different
  ancestors implying that many independent
  evolution paths have converged

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Irreducibly Complex Systems

• Biological systems that can only be developed by
  a chain of evolutionary steps where each
  intermediate step creates an apparently useless
  system and only the final step results in a
  useful system

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Example Irreducibly Complex System

• Mouse trap

Every part must be in right place Every part must
have right dimension
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Irreducibly complex system

• Bombardier beetle

This beetle has a chemical cannon in his abdomen
that helps it defend itself
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Chemical reaction in beetle

• This chemical reaction takes place inside the
  Bombardier beetle abdomen

Hydroquinone is a powerful reductor Hydrogen
peroxide is a powerful oxidator
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Firing the chemical cannon
Chemicals stored in upper chamber. Inhibitor
prevents Hydroquinones and Hydrogen peroxide from
reacting.
Two enzymes stored in lower chamber
Peroxidase Catalase
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Evolving the chemical cannon.

• Step 1 beetle learned to produce Hydrogen
  Peroxide
• Question what's would the beetle use Hydrogen
  Peroxide for ????
• Net result Zilt... Beetle is no more better off
  in defending itself

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Evolving the chemical cannon

• Step 2 beetle learned to produce Hydroquinone
• Problem Hydroquinone reacts Hydrogen Peroxide
  inside the beetle well have suicidal beetles...
  
• Solution beetle stored chemicals separately
• Net result Still zilt... Beetle is no more
  better in defending itself

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Evolving the chemical cannon

• Step 3 beetle learned to produce inhibitor for
  Hydroquinone and Hydrogen Peroxide
• Beetle can now store Hydroquinone and Hydrogen
  Peroxide in one chamber big deal
• Net result Zilt... Chemical cannon is still not
  functional

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Evolutionary Dilemma

• How did the inhibitor evolve ???
• if Hydroquinone and Hydrogen Peroxide were stored
  separately, there was absolutely NO NEED to
  "evolve" the inhibitor
• if Hydroquinone and Hydrogen Peroxide were stored
  together, they would react immediately and it's
  TOO LATE to "evolve" the inhibitor (because the
  beetle will be dead)

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Evolving the chemical cannon

• Step 4 beetle learned to produce Peroxidase
• Peroxidase converts Peroxide to Oxygen which will
  immediately react with Hydroquinone
• Net result SUICIDAL beetles !!!... because the
  resulting chemical will poison the beetle....

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Evolving the chemical cannon

• Step 5 beetle learned to produce Catalase
• Net result EXPLODING beetles !!!..... because
  the oxygen and hydroquinone will react SO FAST
  that the beetle's abdomen explodes....
• Why ???? - Because there is NO DELIVERY SYSTEM
  !!!

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Reflection time...

• Irreducible complex system evolved by a chain of
  evolutionary steps each intermediate step lead
  to no gain at all
• How likely is such an irreducible complex system
  evolved ???
• Consider how irreducibly complex systems in real
  life like the mouse trap - evolve ?
• They are all designed by an intelligent being
  with a purpose in mind !!!

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Converging Evolutionary Processes

• This is yet another problem facing the Theory
  of Evolution
• Recently, research in evolution has discovered
  many species of animals that required a drastic
  change in evolutionary thinking
• They call this phenomenon Convergent Evolution
• Evolution must now explain why many random
  processes head towards the same direction

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Convergent Evolution Example 1
Lakes in Africa
Fishes in two near-by lakes in Africa exhibit
incredible likeness
Fishes in different lakes
How come these fishes look so much alike ???
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The evolutionary explanation
Long ago, the lake level was higher and the lakes
were interconnected there was only ONE kind of
each fish
Later, water level dropped, separating the lakes.
Then the fishes in different lakes developed
separately
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Any Evidence ???...

• If the fishes from different lakes has a common
  ancestor, their DNA patterns will be related
• Researchers Ruber, Verheyen and Meyer (Europeans)
  did a DNA analysis on the different fishes...
• Their findings DNA were so different that fishes
  from different lakes most likely have different
  ancestors !
• In other words

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Convergent Evolution example 2
European birds
Australian birds
DNA analysis shows that birds 1,3 and 4 are
closer related to each other. So also birds 2, 5
and 6.
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Convergent Evolution example 3

• Anolis lizards from the Greater Antilles (Cuba,
  Jamaica, Dominique and Puerto Rico)
• No pictures, but I have a Science paper that you
  can read
• Findings are the same Lizards on different
  island look alike, but have completely different
  genomes so that they most likely have different
  ancestors

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Reflection time...

• Evolution relies on random mutations
• If the mutations are not there, natural selection
  will have nothing to work with...
• Convergent Evolution requires that the random
  mutations in different species to cooperate and
  drive change the specie towards the same
  direction
• The mutations are no longer random ???

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Implications of Convergent Evolution

• Cant use looks to draw conclusion on descend
• Fossil records are useless to find descend order

These animals may look alike, but...
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Reflection time...

• Is life evolved without any purpose ?
• The Theory of Evolution has a hard time
  producing evidence in support of this (Millers
  useless experiment, Haeckles embryos fraud,
  Horses non-evolution, etc)
• The Theory of Evolution has a hard time
  explaining a number of extremely unlikely
  phenomenon in life
• Maybe is life designed with some purpose ???

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Imaginary mind trip...
This device performs better than any vehicle
invented by humans...
We are told that it was created by a super
intelligent race called the Ancients
Imagine one day that this really happens to
youWhat will you think/believe ???
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2004 A space odyssey
On a remote planet, you find...
These micro-machines move using molecular engines
Micro-machines
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2004 A space odyssey

• Design of the molecular engine

Engine in action
Different colors represent different molecules
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2004 A space odyssey

• Engine is constructed with over 40 different
  types of molecules each type serving a
  different function
• Size of engine is a less than a micron (need an
  electron microscope to see its structure)
• Engine can go over 20,000 RPM
• Engine is almost 100 efficient
• Humans cant build this kind of engines (yet)

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2004 A space odyssey
This micro-engine is smaller than a hair !!!

• Would you believe this microscopic engine came
  about by itself ?
• Would you believe this microscopic engine was
  designed by some super-intelligent being ?

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2004 A space odyssey revealed

• The remote planet is...
• Earth
• The micro-machine is...
• E. Coli bacteria
• The micro-engine is...
• its flagellum

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Reflection time...

• Can such a delicate micro-engine come about
  through a random process ?
• Highly unlikely Evolutionists do not have a
  clue how this can be assembled (not surprising,
  since we cant even make one in our million
  dollar laboratories)
• Maybe this micro-engine was designed by some
  super-intelligent being ???
• If this super-small engine was designed by a
  super-intelligent being, maybe He has also design
  humans ?

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More reflection time...

• Are human designed for a specific purpose ?
• If so, who designed us ? Who is our creator ?
• Why are we abandoned like orphans ?
• Will we see him again ?
• Other questions ?
• ...

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Finding the answers...

• The Bible is the most reliable book on history
  more reliable than any history book used in
  schools
• You can find the answers to these and other
  questions there

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http//cheungpc.mathcs.emory.edu
The End