B7 Further Biology

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B7 Further Biology
(OCR 21st Century)
M Barker Shirebrook Academy
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B7.1 Peak Performance Movement and Exercise
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The Skeletal System
The internal skeleton of a vertebrate does 3
jobs

1. It gives the body SHAPE
2. It allows the body to MOVE
3. It PROTECTS the major organs

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Joint Movement
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A typical joint the knee
Ligaments hold the joint together
Synovial fluid an oily substance that reduces
friction
Cartilage stops the bones from rubbing against
each other
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Medical History Assessment
Tobacco consumption
Symptoms
Level of physical activity
Factors to be included in a medical assessment
Alcohol consumption
Family medical history
Previous treatments
Current Medication
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Medical Treatment Project
Task Produce a project (PowerPoint, leaflet,
poster etc) on how medical treatments are
administered. Your project should include
information on the following

1. How patient assessments are carried out
2. The benefits of regular contact and detailed
   record keeping
3. What needs to be done after a diagnosis
4. How and why physiotherapy might be administered
5. How progress can be monitored and assessed
6. Injuries sprains, torn ligaments, dislocations
   etc, including what they are and how you treat
   them.

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Body-Mass Index
A commonly-used way to indicate is someone is
overweight or underweight is the Body Mass Index
(BMI)
BMI Meaning
lt18.5 Underweight
18.5-25 Ideal
25-30 Overweight
30-40 Obese
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Common Injuries
What are these injuries?
Sprained ankle
Dislocated shoulder
Torn ligament
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Treating a Sprained Ankle
Heres a sprained ankle
To treat a sprained ankle youd use the RICE
method -
R I C E -
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
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B7.2 Peak Performance - Circulation
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The Circulatory system
The circulatory system is responsible for pumping
______ around the body. We need blood to be
taken around the body because blood contains
________ and _______. These are needed so that
all the ____ in our bodies can produce _____
through _________. The main organs in the
circulatory system are the _____, the lungs and
the kidneys.
Words energy, heart, blood, glucose,
respiration, oxygen, cells
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The four parts of blood
1. RED BLOOD CELLS packed with haemoglobin and
carry ______ around the body. They have no
_______ and a bioconcave shape for increased
surface area.
2. PLATELETS small bits of cells that lie
around waiting for a cut to happen so that they
can ____ (for a scab).
3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS kill invading _______ by
producing _________ or engulfing (eating) the
microbe.
These three are all carried around by the PLASMA
(a straw-coloured liquid). Plasma transports CO2
and ______ as well as taking away waste products
to the ______.
Words antibodies, clot, kidneys, oxygen,
nucleus, glucose, microbes.
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The Heart
4. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters through
the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
1. Deoxygenated blood (i.e. blood without oxygen)
enters through the vena cava into the right atrium
2. Its then pumped through the tricuspid valve
into the right ventricle
5. Its then pumped through the bicuspid valve
into the left ventricle
3. Its then pumped through the semi-lunar valve
up to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
6. Its then pumped out of the aorta to the rest
of the body
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Double Circulation
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Capillaries and Capillary tissue
Heres a capillary
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that have
permeable walls so that substances can diffuse in
and out (like oxygen in the lungs and glucose in
the intestine). Heres how this works
glucose
oxygen
As blood passes through the capillary beds
molecules like oxygen and glucose are forced out
to form the tissue fluid. They then diffuse out
into the cells and substances like carbon dioxide
and urea diffuse back into the capillaries.
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B7.3 Peak Performance Energy Balance
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Body Temperature
Effectors (muscles and sweat glands) carry out
the response. Some effectors work
antagonistacally what does this mean?
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Maintaining Body Temperature
Here are two ways your body will change to lose
surplus heat
Cold
Hot
Excessive exercise can lead to dehydration, which
may lead to reduced sweating and a further
increase in body temperature.
Vasoconstriction
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Low Body temperature
What does your body do to try to keep body
temperature constant when you are cold?
Shivering occurs, which results in some of the
energy transferred in respiration being used to
warm the surrounding tissue. Also, blood vessels
constrict (vasoconstriction) in order to
restrict blood flow through skin capillaries.
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Diabetes
What is diabetes? What do the pens (above right)
do? What does an insulin injection (above left)
do? What is the difference between Type 1 and
Type 2 Diabetes? How does physical activity
affect Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetics?
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Diabetes
Diabetes is a ________ in which a persons blood
sugar (i.e. glucose) level may rise to a _______
level. Type 1 diabetes is when the ______
doesnt produce enough _________, whereas type 2
diabetes is when the body no longer responds to
its own insulin or doesnt make enough of
it. Type 1 diabetes can be controlled using
insulin ________ whereas type 2 diabetes can be
controlled by careful _______ and exercise.
Diabetics have to test their blood sugar level
before they decide how much insulin to _______
themselves with. Diets high in fibre and complex
carbohydrates can help to maintain a healthy
sugar level.
Words insulin, disease, inject, dangerous,
eating, pancreas, injections
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Diabetes and Obesity
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More interesting statistics
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B7.4 What can we learn from natural ecosystems?
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Ecosystems
Ecosystem is a term used to describe all of the
organisms living together as a community in a
particular habitat and can often be
self-supporting other than the need for an energy
source. Possible waste products from an
ecosystem
Oxygen from trees
Carbon dioxide from animals
Dead organic matter
Notice that waste products from some organisms
are used by other organisms this is a closed
loop system and a perfect closed loop is when
nothing is wasted.
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An example of a loop in an ecosystem - Carbon
2. Plants release CO2 through respiration
1. CO2 is taken in by plants
6. These microbes also release CO2 through
respiration
Notice that no ecosystem is a perfect closed loop
due to the loss of some output. Where could this
happen in the carbon cycle?
4. Animals release CO2 through respiration
3. The carbon taken in by plants is then eaten by
animals
5. Animals (and plants) die and their remains are
fed on by microbes
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Stable Ecosystems
A stable ecosystem is one where the outputs
(losses) are balanced by gains, e.g. a rainforest
Examples of why a rainforest is a closed
ecosystem
Some organisms produce large numbers of
reproductive structures like eggs and flowers.
The ones that dont survive into adulthood are
recycled into the ecosystem.
The vegetation prevents soil erosion (by binding
the soil) and extremes of temperature and also
encourages cloud formation, so that whatever is
lost from a river is replaced by rainfall
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Human impact on ecosystems
Humans rely on ecosystems for lots of things,
including
- Clean air - Water - Food

• Fish
• Game/meat

Is it possible for humans to run a closed
ecosystem on our own?
- Non-recycled waste? - Burning fossil fuels?
Here are some ways in which humans can affect an
ecosystem
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Accumulation of pesticides
Insecticides can wash into a stream or lake where
they are taken up by microscopic water plants.
Consider the food chain
Although the level of insecticides in the plants
is small, it will build up through the food chain
due to the number of organisms in each stage. In
this example, if each plant had one bit of
pesticide, the bird will have eaten 9 bits.
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Eutrophication
25/05/2019
Yet another example of pollution, eutrophication
is when lakes become stagnant due to careless use
of fertiliser. There are six steps
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Eutrophication
25/05/2019
Cantbreathe
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Eutrophication
25/05/2019
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Removing Biomass from an Ecosystem
Deforestation occurs when biomass like trees is
removed from a natural closed loop system for use
by humans
Over-fishing in a lake can also be unsustainable.
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Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is all about preserving
the world for tomorrow.
The main point is dont use resources at a
rate quicker than they are made

• Examples of sustainable development include
• Replanting trees after chopping them down
• Limiting the number of fish allowed in a catch (a
  quota)
• Protecting endangered species

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Crude Oil
Heres some crude oil
Crude oil can never be considered part of a
closed system as it takes millions of years to
form.
Crude oil is formed from the decay of dead
organisms, who basically got their energy from
the sun millions of years ago crude oil is
called fossil sunlight energy.
The sun is a sustainable source of energy for
natural ecosystems and sustainable agriculture
without it, we cant survive!
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Natural Ecosystems and Human Needs
Natural ecosystems should be preserved but we
also need to look after our basic needs!
Some societies have tried replacing natural
vegetation with agricultural crops and livestock,
but this can often lead to problems like a loss
of biodiversity or desertification
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B7.5 New Technologies
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Using Bacteria
Here are some pictures of bacteria
Words washing powder, molecules, reproduction,
plasmids, fermentation, ethical
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Genetic modification - Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to
help control blood sugar levels. Diabetics cant
produce enough insulin and often need to inject
it. Until recently, insulin was taken from pigs
and cows. Insulin can now be made by genetic
modification. Genetic modification is when a
gene from one organism is transferred to another
and continues to work
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Genetic modification - Insulin
Step 1 Using RESTRICTION ENZYMES cut out the
part of the human chromosome that is responsible
for producing insulin.
Step 2 Using another restriction enzyme cut open
a ring of bacterial DNA (a plasmid). Other
enzymes are then used to insert the piece of
human DNA into the plasmid.
Step 3 Place the plasmid into a bacterium which
will start to divide rapidly. As it divides it
will replicate the plasmid and make millions of
them, each with the instruction to produce
insulin. Commercial quantities of insulin can
then be produced.
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The Steps in Genetic Modification
Here are the basic steps in genetic modification
Step 1 isolate and replicate the required gene
Step 2 put the gene into a suitable vector
(virus or plasmid)
Step 3 use the vector to insert the gene into a
new cell
Step 4 select the modified individuals
As well as making insulin, this procedure can
also be used to make herbicide resistance in
plants. How would this help food production?
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Genetic Modification
Advantages Disadvantages

Improving crop yield Improving resistance to
pesticides Extend shelf-life Manufacture a
certain chemical (e.g. insulin) Convenience
Genetically modified organisms may be
expensive Unknown effects on ecosystems Effects
may be passed on to other crops, e.g. weed
resistance spreading from crops to weeds Ethical
issues
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Genetic Testing
Task Produce a report describing how genetic
testing (e.g. finding out who the real father is)
is done.
I am your father
Your report should include

1. How genetic testing is done (in 3 or 4 stages)
2. The role of DNA and UV in the process
3. Other examples of things that can be genetically
   tested

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How Genetic Testing works
Here are the four stages in genetic testing
Isolate the DNA sample from white blood cells
Produce the gene probe labelled with a
fluorescent chemical this will find the faulty
gene
Add the labelled gene probe (marker) to the DNA
sample to find the faulty gene
Faulty gene
Use UV to detect the marker and therefore
indicate the position of the gene or the presence
of a specific allele in the DNA sample
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Nanotechnology
Definition
Nanotechnology is a new branch of science that
refers to structures built from a few hundred
atoms and are 1-100nm big (i.e. about the size of
a molecule). They show different properties to
the same materials in bulk, partly because they
also have a large surface area to volume ratio
and their properties could lead to new
developments in computers, building materials etc.
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Two examples of nanotechnology
Silver nanoparticles can be used to give fibres
antibacterial properties look at what they do
to e-coli bacteria
Nanotechnology can also be used to detect
contaminants for example, a milk carton could
tell you when the milk has gone off.
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Stem Cell research
A stem cell is a cell that hasnt yet specialised
into other forms of cell
Adult stem cells can potentially be used to treat
leukaemia and spinal chord injuries.
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Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical engineering is when devices like
pacemakers and artificial valves are used to
treat heart problems or irregular heartbeats