Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• He was a philosopher whose political ideas
  influenced the French Revolution, the development
  of both liberal and socialist theory, and the
  growth of nationalism.
• Rousseau saw a fundamental divide between society
  and human nature. Rousseau contended that man was
  neither inherently good nor bad when in the state
  of nature (the state of all other animals, and
  the condition humankind was in before the
  creation of civilization and society), but is
  corrupted by society.

2
Karl Marx/Communism

• Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish
  a classless (Everyone was equal and carried out
  the same work.), stateless social organization
  based on common ownership of the means of
  production.
• It is usually considered a branch of the broader
  socialist movement that draws on the various
  political and intellectual movements that trace
  their origins back to the work of Karl Marx.

3
Communist Manifesto

• The Communist Manifesto, was first published on
  February 21, 1848, and is one of the world's most
  influential political tracts. Commissioned by the
  Communist League and written by communist
  theorists Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, it laid
  out the League's purposes and program.
• The Manifesto suggested a course of action for a
  proletarian (working class) revolution to
  overthrow the bourgeois social order and to
  eventually bring about a classless and stateless
  society, and the abolition of private property.

4
Congress of Vienna

• The Congress of Vienna was a conference between
  ambassadors from the major powers in Europe that
  was chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens
  Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna,
  Austria, from late September, 1814, to June 9,
  1815.
• Its purpose was to settle issues and redraw the
  continent's political map after the defeat of
  Napoleonic France the previous spring.

5
Germanic Europe/Otto von Bismarck

• Germanic Europe is the part of Europe in which
  Germanic languages are predominant. Countries or
  areas in which such language is officially
  recognized and/or de facto spoken as a minority
  language are sometimes included.
• As Minister-President of Prussia from 1862 to
  1890, he engineered the Unification of Germany.
  From 1867 on, he was Chancellor of the North
  German Confederation. When the second German
  Empire was declared in 1871, he served as its
  first Chancellor, gaining the nickname "Iron
  Chancellor".

6
Otto von Bismarck

• Bismarck held conservative (favor tradition and
  gradual change ) monarchical views (Head of State
  in a nation ) in the tradition of Clemens von
  Metternich, the Austrian statesman who devised
  the diplomatic arrangements which governed Europe
  after the Napoleonic Warsarrangements which
  Bismarck upset.
• Bismarck's primary objectives were to ensure the
  supremacy of the Prussian (most recently, a
  historic state originating in Brandenburg, an
  area that for centuries had substantial influence
  on German and European history. The last capital
  of Prussia was Berlin. ) state within Central
  Europe, and of the aristocracy within the state
  itself.
• His most significant achievement was the creation
  of the modern German state, with Prussia at its
  core, through a series of wars and political
  maneuvering in the 1860s. The final act, the
  Franco-Prussian War of 18701871, saw Prussia
  break France's power on the European continent.

7
Causes of WWI
8
Competition for Colonies

• 1800s and early 1900s, European nations carved
  nearly all of Africa and much of Asia into
  colonies.
• The race for colonies was fueled by Europes
  increasing industrialization.
• Colonies supplied European nations with raw
  materials for factories, markets for manufactured
  goods, and opportunities for investment.
• The competition for colonies strained relations
  among European countries.
• Incidents between rival powers flared up almost
  every year.
• Several of the clashes nearly led to war.

9
Nationalism

• The French Revolution and the Napoleonic era had
  spread throughout most of Europe the idea of
  political democracy, with the resulting idea that
  people of the same ethnic origin, language and
  political ideals had the right to independent
  states.
• The principal of national self-determination,
  however, was largely ignored by the dynastic and
  reactionary forces that dominated in the
  settlement of European affairs at the Congress of
  Vienna in 1815.
• Several peoples who desired national autonomy
  were made subject to local dynasties monarchs or
  to other nations.
• These movements helped to facilitate the notion
  of self-determination and sovereignty of the
  nation-state.

10
Examples of nationalist movements in Europe

• German People The Congress of Vienna divided the
  people into duchies, principalities, and kingdoms
  fostering a struggle for unification that lasted
  the majority of the 19th century.
• Italian People These people were divided into
  many parts, some of which were under foreign
  control causing Giuseppe Garibaldi to lead a
  nationalist movement.
• French-speaking Belgians of the Austrian
  Netherlands These people were placed under Dutch
  rule hence denying self-determination and
  autonomy.

11
Competition for Colonies

• Revolutions during the 19th century nullified
  much of the anti-nationalist work of the Congress
  of Vienna.
• 1831 Belgium won independence from the
  Netherlands
• 1861 Italy was unified
• 1871 Germany was unified
• At the close of the century, the problem of
  nationalism was still unresolved in other areas
  of Europe.
• This resulted in tensions between various
  European nations.

12
The Entangled Alliances

• 1871 Chancellor Bismarck (German Leader) united
  his country with the defeat of France. After the
  war against France, Bismarck created a system of
  international alliances designed to prevent
  France from finding future alliances.
• The occupation of Alsace-Lorraine created a
  longstanding animosity between France and Germany
  1870-1914.
• 1879 Bismarck negotiated a Dual Alliance with
  Austria.

13

• 1882 Bismarck allied with Italy.
• 1882 The Triple Alliance was created (Germany,
  Austria, Italy)
• 1887 Bismarck created the Reinsurance Treaty
  with Russia. This was renewed every three years.
• Only Britain resisted Bismarcks web of
  alliances.

14
The Entangled Alliances

• 1887 Bismarck felt secure on all sides and
  confident that Germany need never go to war
  again.
• 1890 Major Problem Kaiser Wilhelm II dismissed
  Bismarck and did not renew the Reinsurance Treaty
  with Russia.
• 1894-1895 Due to the actions of Wilhelm II,
  Russia drew closer to isolated France and the two
  countries signed a military treaty.
• 1904-1907 The British government made cautious
  agreements with France and Russia settling old
  differences and indicating there was to be a
  friendly understanding --- or entente--- between
  all three countries. The Triple Entente was
  established (France, Russia, Britain)