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Title: China


1
China
  • The Mao Years

2
Dr Sun Yat Sen
  • 1912 Chinas last imperial dynasty and becomes
    the Republic of China revolution led by Sun Yat
    Sen
  • Dr Sun Yat Sen is made the first provisional
    president of the Republic of China
  • Sun Yat Sen found the Kuomintang party
    (Nationalists)
  • After the revolution, power struggle emerges
    within the government
  • Yuan Shikai takes over and orders Sun Yat Sens
    arrest
  • he and his military commander Chiang Kai Shek
    escape to Japan (1913)

3
Sun Yat Sen
  • Yuans new revolution (return to monarchy) fails
    and warlords around China gain power
  • Sun Yat Sen returns to China in 1916 in the
    disorder
  • Establishes his political doctrine
  • Social Reconstruction, attributed the failure of
    democracy in China to the people's lack of
    practice and application
  • Psychological Reconstruction, argued that popular
    acceptance of his program had been obstructed by
    acceptance of the old saying "Knowledge is
    difficult, action is easy.
  • Material Reconstruction, constituted a master
    plan for the industrialization of China to be
    financed by lavish investments from abroad.

4
Sun Yat Sen
  • Communist Party established by Mao Zedong in 1920
  • Tries to gain financial support from Western
    countries but with little success
  • Turns to an alliance with the communist party
  • Soviet Union 1923 would pledge help to Sun to
    reunite China
  • 1924 a new constitution is forged along Soviet
    lines (Executive Committee in charge of
    propaganda)
  • USSR would help Sun train a military
  • Sun adopts his Three Principles of governance
    nationalism, democracy and social reform

5
Chiang Kai Shek
  • 1925 Sun dies of cancer
  • Chiang Kai Shek will take over
  • Almost immediately begins a purge of Communists
    from the Kuomintang
  • Defeats the Communist army and survivors take the
    Long March to Shenxi Province in NW China to
    regroup (9700km)

6
Chiang Kai Shek
  • Begins reforms
  • Renews Confucianism to replace communist values
    (New Life Movement 1934)
  • Improves transportation network and education
    system
  • 1937 Japan takes Nanking and Chiang is forced to
    move his capital to Chunking
  • Chiang is forced to form an alliance with Mao
    against Japan truce and cooperation dont last
    long
  • Immediately after WWII, Communists and
    Nationalists fight for control of China
  • US supports Nationalists by helping them liberate
    areas
  • Mao Zedong wins because of peasant support and in
    1949 proclaims the Peoples Republic of China
  • Chiang and his followers flee to Taiwan (until
    1971, the West recognized Taiwan as the official
    Chinese government)

7
Mao Zedong
8
Maos China
  • Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
  • Background
  • Previous policy of political and artistic work
    having to promote the CCP (Chinese Communist
    Party)
  • Education aimed to rid of social and political
    thought purge of non-revolutionaries (800,000
    in the 1950s)
  • 1956 collective farms were successfully
    integrated (meanwhile Communism was failing
    around the world de-Stalinization, uprisings in
    Poland and Hungary)

9
Maos China
  • Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
  • 1956 speech "let a hundred flowers bloom and a
    hundred schools of thought contend,"
  • Wanted nationalism and modernization
  • Mao decides to allow criticism of the government
    by non-party intellectuals to help him create a
    better and more modern Chinese Government
  • Cooperation with democratic parties (small party)
  • Tolerance of artistic expression and political
    debate
  • CCP members were now apprehensive because the
    very ideologies they suppressed to gain power
    were now invited to be presented
  • Little response to Maos speech (fearful and
    skeptical)

10
Maos China
  • Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
  • feared an early spring--one that promised a
    healthy growing season before killing with a
    deadly, late-winter frost
  • Second speech given in Feb 1957 that finally
    proves to the people that Mao was serious about
    the policy
  • Early expressions werent political, started with
    science

http//filebox.vt.edu/users/jojacks2/words/hundred
flowers.htm
11
Maos China
  • Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
  • Examples of criticism
  • Government ordered creation of ploughs that were
    sitting idle in Southern China (not appropriate
    for the soil)
  • Math textbooks replaced with ones including
    communist doctrine but the old ones were better
  • Criticisms continue to grow more severe
    eventually denouncing communism

12
Maos China
  • Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
  • Mao publishes his speech but adds stipulations to
    the publication criticisms are invalid if they
    undermine the CCP
  • Mao grows distrustful of the intelligentsia
  • Begins an anti-rightist campaign to arrest those
    who use the HFC as a political platform
  • Offenders were imprisoned, or "sent down" for
    years of reform through labour

13
Maos China
  • Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-1958
  • Explanations?
  • Mao created the campaign as a trap to purge more
    anti-revolutionaries
  • Mao was overconfident when creating the campaign
    thinking people were generally happy and very
    little extreme criticism would arise
  • Mao saw the discontent in Eastern Europe to a
    dictatorship and thought he needed to please the
    people to maintain power
  • Leads Mao to change strategies if the mind of
    China could not lead its way, maybe the hands
    could

14
Maos China
  • Great Leap Forward 1958-60
  • (5-Years Plan?)
  • Goal to modernize Chinas economy to rival the US
  • Industry could only prosper if the work force was
    well fed, while the agricultural workers needed
    industry to produce the modern tools needed for
    modernisation

15
Maos China
  • Great Leap Forward 1958-60
  • Farmers belonged to a commune and worked for them
  • The commune provided healthcare, education,
    tools, housing, childcare, old age care,
    entertainment
  • 12 families in a team with a specific purpose
  • Propaganda was pumped through speakers while
    farmers worked the fields
  • Increased metal production (backyard production)
    and agriculture

16
Maos China
  • Great Leap Forward 1958-60
  • Problems arise
  • CCP will start to give unrealistic goals to the
    communes
  • communes dont complain because they will be
    arrested for being anti-communist
  • Production quality decreases (industry)
  • Workers fell asleep because of long work hours
  • Steel was made quickly and was not strong
  • Machinery created failed
  • Focus on backyard steel production took farmers
    away from fields so food production fell (
    flooding in 1959)
  • Coal used for smelting meant less coal for trains

Encouraging steel production
17
Maos China
  • Great Leap Forward 1958-60
  • Significance
  • Estimated 9 million died in 1960 due to famine
  • 1959-1962 about 20 million die of starvation
  • Mao takes blame for the failure and steps down
    from being the head of state
  • He remains the CCP leader (title of Chairman)
  • Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping take
    over the running of the country
  • Great Leap forward ended 1960, privatization of
    land reinstated, farmers encouraged to produce
    more than quotas to sell in free markets
  • Mao remains popular with the public
  • Leads to the Cultural Revolution for Mao to
    regain power

18
Maos China
  • Cultural Revolution 1965 - 1968 (-1976?)
  • Education produced elitists and there needed to
    be a return to a proletarian focused revolution
  • Mao believed that engineers, scientists, factory
    managers were creating a privileged class they
    didnt know about the average lifestyle of the
    majority of Chinese peasants
  • Red Guard was created from youths
  • purge those who thought they were above others
    and followers of Maos opponent Liu Shaoqi
  • Purge of CCP members who didnt support Mao
  • Victims were subjected to public criticism,
    humiliation, and physical abuse
  • Mao wanted a classless society (peasants and
    educated working together for the greater good of
    China)

19
Youths holding the Little Red Book of Maos
writings
20
We're so caught up in what today brings we don't
have the time and the space to think seriously
what history really holds out. The government
certainly doesn't encourage people to reflect on
the political implications of the Cultural
Revolution. Academic conferences and intellectual
discussions on those years are still banned. We
also choose to stay away from politics in order
to focus on the pursuit of an affluent material
life. We look at the commercial value of this
unique Red Art from the era, and overlook the
oppression and the suffering behind it.
The picture of me taken when I was three years
old wearing my Mao badge and waving my Little Red
Book never fails to entertain my friends and
colleagues,
Bessie Du http//admin.channel4.com/blogs/page/new
sroom?entrymemories_of_mao
21
Maos China
  • Cultural Revolution
  • Significance
  • Red Guards created factions that fought amongst
    each other
  • Red Guards destroyed the British Embassy
  • Old ideas and old culture destroyed (history
    books, art, buildings, etc)
  • Workers and farmers arm themselves against the
    Red Guards
  • Liu Shaoqi was ousted from the party
  • Ends the Cultural Revolution because Mao had
    achieved his goal of regaining political power
  • Mao emerges as godlike to these young people

22
Maos China
  • Cultural Revolution
  • Significance
  • Urban youths eventually sent to the countryside
    to learn from peasants
  • 1969 government officials and intellectuals were
    sent as to the countryside as well and to study
    Maos teachings
  • Families are split up and not allowed to reunite

23
Maos China
  • Foreign Relations/ Policy

24
Invasion of Tibet
  • Chinese historical argument that Tibet was united
    with China by the Mongols in 1206
  • PRC now had the power and organization to take it
    by force after hundreds of years of debate over
    it
  • Chinese troops invade 1949
  • China imposes Maoist rule on Tibet
  • 1959 Tibetan uprising

25
Tibet
  • The Chinese occupation led to "an estimated one
    million Tibetans dead from imprisonment and
    starvation. Tibet's 6254 monasteries . . . are
    gutted and in ruins the Tibetan people
    themselves vehemently anti-Chinese." "A flood of
    Chinese immigrants has moved into Tibet, taken
    the best land for destructive, collectivized
    agriculture, decimated the already scarce
    forests, and wantonly slaughtered Tibet's once
    abundant wildlife."
  • Dalai Lama flees Tibet

Nissani, M. 1992. Lives in the Balance. Quoted
from http//www.is.wayne.edu/mnissani/world/Tibet.
htm
26
Korean War
  • UN forces pushed the North Koreans back to the
    Chinese border
  • Mao was concerned that their new regime (only a
    few months old at the time) would be threatened
    by the aggressiveness of the U.S. which might
    motivate Chinese "reactionaries.
  • If the US had more influence in Korea, they might
    get in between Maos claim for Taiwan
  • 1951 China sends about 700,000 troops to begin
    pushing the UN forces back into South Korean
  • Chinese were equipped with Russian weapons
  • 1953 armistice agreed on between China and the US
  • US and China pitted as enemies

An army of Chinese volunteers cross the River
Amrok to fight with the DPRK against their
common foe U.S. invaders.
27
Second Indo-China War 1962
  • Dispute over border in the Himilayas
  • China is successful in taking these disputed
    territories

28
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29
Sino-Soviet Relations
  • Stalin refused to help Mao during the Japanese
    invasion of WWII
  • Stalin was worried about Maos independence and
    therefore might not side with the USSR
  • Stalin supported the Kuomintang along with the US
  • 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance,
    and Mutual Assistance
  • China recognized the USSR as the leader in
    international communist movement
  • With Stalins death, Khrushchevs new policies
    (de-Stalinization) were unaligned with Maos
  • Mao accused the USSR of splitting from true
    communism
  • Khrushchev is reluctant to help Mao with his
    claims on Taiwan

30
Sino-Soviet Relations
  • USSR had promised to share nuclear information
    with China but they dont live up to that promise
  • China proceeds with its own research and develops
    their first nuclear bomb in 1964
  • Great Leap Forward rids of Soviet advisors in
    China
  • China sees Russia as competition for Communist
    leadership and therefore wants to be independent
    rather than subordinate
  • Border disputes arise in the 60s and into the 70s
    resulting in both sides militarizing their shared
    borders
  • Soviets forcing Communism in Czechoslovakia
    showed China that Russia was out for domination

31
Results of Sino-Soviet Split
  • Mao turns to US for a partner
  • Invites US table tennis team to play 1971
  • October 1971, China entered the U.N. after being
    denied entry from American veto
  • Nixon visits in 1972
  • Beginning of efforts of economic operations
    between the two countries
  • USA kept a massive naval fleet off of Taiwan
  • December 1978, President Carter withdrew
    recognition of Taiwan as representing China

32
Maos Death 1976
  • Two factions were left to fight for control
  • Gang of Four radicals that had participated in
    the Cultural Revolution (included Maos widow
    Jian Qing)
  • Deng Xiaoping
  • New leader of the CCP Hua Guofeng finds out the
    Gang of Four planned a coup against the
    government (Jian Qing tried to forge Maos will)
  • Gang of Four is arrested
  • From 1978-1982, Deng Xiaoping will gradually take
    power becoming premier (gov) and chair of the
    military (CCP Army)

33
Assignment
  • Practice Essay
  • Read pp 326-332
  • Key Question
  • Explain (give reasons for) the transformation of
    China in terms of economic change, political
    change, and international relations.

34
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