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Title: Unit 1 - AP Objectives 1-4


1
Unit 1 - AP Objectives 1-4 American and
European Societies before 1492
  1. What were Native American societies like before
    Europeans arrived.
  2. What changes occurred Europe that made
    exploration possible.
  3. What impact did European arrival have on Native
    Americans.
  4. To what extent did Native Americans resist
    European encroachment.

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  • America Past and Present
  • Chapter 1 New World Encounters
  • NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORIES BEFORE CONQUEST
  • The chapter opens with the story of a fatal
    misunderstanding between members of the
    Wicomesses and the Susquehannocks at a trading
    post owned by British Captain William Claiborne.
    After being embarrassed by the Susquehannocks in
    front of the Brits, the group of Wicomesses
    gained revenge by killing 5 of their mortal
    enemies and three Englishmen from the trading
    post. Wicomess leaders approached the governor of
    Maryland to offer to make amends. The governor
    then expected the natives to hand over the
    offenders to suffer British justice. The
    Wicomesses were astonished that the visitors
    assumed the right to be in control of this legal
    situation even though they were the ones who had
    encroached and were truly little more than
    visitors in 1635. This would, of course, be just
    the beginning of a grand series of
    misunderstandings that would change the culture
    and history of natives and Europeans forever.

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  • Certainly there were people on the North American
    continent before the Europeans arrived, people
    who had populated the land for thousands of
    years.
  • Their physical isolation (or absence of
    domesticated livestock) had protected them from
    various diseases such as smallpox, and measles,
    but that protection also meant a loss of
    immunity.
  • By placing these complex, often unsettling
    experiences within an interpretive framework of
    creative adaptations-rather than of exploration
    or settlement-we go a long way toward recapturing
    the full human dimensions of conquest and
    resistance.

4
Bering Straight Land Bridge
5
Indian Virginia
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The Great Transformation Food, Climate, and
Culture Rapid population growth in the
Americas Sustained by abundant natural food
supplies Hunting and gathering Agricultural
cultivation SWbeans, corn and
squash Agricultural Revolution Revolutionized
early American cultures Stable food supplies
allowed other developments Material
culture Governmental hierarchies Permanent
villages 4 million Native Americans lived north
of Mexico at the time of the original
encounter with Europeans
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  • Mysterious Disappearances
  • Anasazi Pueblo culture was sophisticated (NM)
  • Pueblo housing structures
  • Irrigation canals for agriculture
  • Hundreds of miles of roads
  • Cahokia (Ill.) had a population of 30,000
  • Large ceremonial burial mounds remain
  • Both cultures disappeared before Europeans
    arrived, survivors dispersed and built new
    cultures

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Cahokia burial ground
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  • Aztec Dominance
  • Many impressive cultures inhabited Mexico and
    Central America
  • Incas (Peru), Mayan and Toltec (Central Mexico)
  • Built vast cities (perhaps 100,000 in some)
  • Governed bureaucratically
  • Developed hieroglyphics
  • Had accurate solar calendars
  • Aztecs (Valley of Mexico)
  • Aggressive and warlike
  • Conquered established city-states
  • Tenochtitlan - major ceremonial center
  • 250,000 residents
  • Site of human sacrifice to Aztec sun god
    Huitzilopochtli
  • Connected to agricultural cycle
  • Victims blood fertility powers

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  • Eastern Woodlands Culture (Check out the map on
    p.8)
  • Fewer than 1 million on the Atlantic Coast
  • Primarily subsisted on hunting and gathering,
    some agriculture
  • Women cultivated maize while men hunted and
    fished
  • English settlers were likely to cross paths with
    Algonquians (CAN)
  • Powhatans (VA), Narragansetts (RI) and Abenakis
    (CAN)
  • Spoke different dialects, did not communicate
    easily
  • Were often enemies but shared cultural
    assumptions
  • - Personal and familial bonds defined ones
    place
  • kinship
  • - The clan was the basic social unit
  • - Authority was often egalitarian and loosely
    structured
  • - Some matriarchal with women owning the
    planting fields
  • and houses, maintaining tribal customs, and
    had a role
  • in tribal govt
  • Warfare was rare and conducted on a small scale
  • Motivated by revenge for insult or attack
  • Captives could be tortured or adopted
  • Eastern Great Lakes Indians spoke Iroquoian
    dialects

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  • THE INDIANS DISCOVER A NEW WORLD
  • (Pretty clever of your authors, eh?) Perhaps
    they just want you to note that native cultures
    were profoundly changed by the influence of
    European explorers, conquerors, traders and
    settlers.
  • Creative Adaptations
  • 1. Natives desired fair and peaceful trade with
    Europeans
  • 2. Natives and Europeans saw their own culture
    as superior, although each desired aspects of
    the others material culture
  • 3. Communication was aided by sign language and
    gestures
  • 4. Europeans tried to impose their culture,
    language and customs
  • - Some natives converted to Christianity,
    others pacified the Europeans
  • - Native women were less likely to embrace
    conversion
  • - Preferred polygamy and systems that gave
    power, independence
  • 5. Young natives rejected traditional European
    classroom education
  • - In cases of intermarriage, the couple
    usually adopted native culture

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  • Dependency Trade and Disease
  • Interaction between natives and Europeans
  • altered the landscape and led to debt
  • Debt led to dependence
  • Disease was more destructive than debt
  • - Natives lacked natural immunity to
    smallpox, measles and the flu
  • - Some historians estimate a 90-95 population
    loss
  • - Perhaps led to the importation of slaves
  • - Tribes who kept their distance were more
    likely to survive
  • Population loss led some to question
    traditional religious beliefs
  • Columbian Exchange - See Featured Essay (p.
    12-13)
  • Ecological Revolution

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  • WEST AFRICA ANCIENT AND COMPLEX SOCIETIES
  • Islam was a major cultural force in W Africa
    starting in 1030 AD
  • Muslim missionaries made many converts in this
    region
  • Intricate trade networks linked regional
    cultures
  • Mali, Benin and Kongo were major states during
    initial European contact
  • Governments and languages varied widely within
    the region
  • Euro contact began with the Portuguese
  • Lateen (triangular) sails and new ship designs
    enabled these voyages
  • African trade networks charges tolls and fees
    to Europeans
  • Slave sales were negotiated as local currencies
  • Slaves were readily used in the Madeira and
    Canary Islands
  • (notenear the coast of Morocco)
  • More Africans than Europeans emigrated to the
    America from
  • 1650-1831

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Madeira and the Canaries
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  • EUROPE ON THE EVE OF CONQUEST
  • Yes, the Vikings were the first Europeans on
    American shores
  • 984 AD - Eric the Red traveled from Iceland to
    Greenland
  • His son Leif founded Vinland in Newfoundland
  • see map of LAnse aux Meadows
  • Other Europeans (Columbus) were unaware of these
    voyages

23
L'Anse aux Meadows (from the French
L'Anse-aux-Méduses or "Jellyfish Cove") is an
archaeological site on the northernmost tip of
the island of Newfoundland, located in the
province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada,
where the remains of a Norse village were
discovered in 1960 by the Norwegian explorer
Helge Ingstad and his wife Anne Stine Ingstad,
an archaeologist. L'Anse aux Meadows was
determined to be Norse because of definitive
similarities between the characteristics of
structures and artifacts found at the site and
those of Greenlandic and Icelandic sites from
around A.D. 1000
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  • Building New Nation-States
  • - Ignorance, disease and provincial loyalties
    discouraged early exploration
  • But, changed conditions led to a greater desire
    for exploration and trade population growth,
    general prosperity
  • The Renaissance fostered an expansive outlook
  • Improved food supplies
  • Greater earnings for landlords-more people, more
    land needed
  • More and desire for luxuries from Asia
  • Centralized political authority-New Monarchs

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  • Powerful Nation-States 1400s
  • Tudors ended the War of the Roses
  • between the Houses of Lancaster and York for
    the English crown
  • Ferdinand and Isabellas union brought the
    reunification of
  • Spain (Aragon and Castile) and the
    Reconquista-all of the Iberian peninsula united
    under Christian rulers
  • Ancient knowledge of geography became more widely
    known
  • Printing press/movable type facilitated
    communication- communications revolution 1440s
    Johann Gutenberg
  • MAKING SENSE OF A NEW WORLD
  • Those seeking the infamous Three Gs (God,
    Gold, Glory) spurred the urge for adventure in
    Spain - los conquistadores
  • Spain became the leading world power in spite of
    a lack of natural resources
  • Sugar plantations were created in the Canary
    Islands
  • Native deaths led to the growth of African
    slavery
  • The labor system was brutal

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  • Calculating Risks and Rewards
  • Our Italian friend Columbus made a plan to sail
    west to China
  • Portugal wasnt funding
  • The King thought Columbus underestimated the
    length of the voyage est. 3,000 nau. miles was
    10,600
  • They funded Vasco de Gama and others instead
  • Spain was interested hired Columbus
  • King and Queen provided leadership and
  • support for overseas exploration
  • The voyage took Columbus to the W Indies
  • Columbus returned three timesno gold or
    spices
  • The new continent was named for Amerigo
    Vespucci
  • Pope Alexander IV arranged for the Treaty of
    Tordesillas (1494)
  • Prevented war over Asia
  • Divided the new world between Portugal and
    Spain

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  • The Conquistadores (Spainsh)
  • These adventurers certainly left their mark
    on the Americas
  • They desired instant wealth (not permanent
    settlements)
  • Bernal Diazthe Caribbean Islands
  • Hernan Cortes Cortez the Killer - Cuba,
    Mexico
  • He apparently looked like a god (or at least
    an agent)
  • The guns and horses were also quite
    impressive
  • Montezumas indecision cost him dearly
  • Spain and the conquistadors gained great
    wealth-precious metals
  • From Plunder to Settlement
  • Conquistadores were awarded encomiendas
  • Main goalto re-establish royal authority
  • Dominicans and Franciscans were also sent to
    protect and convert
  • Bartolome de las Casas defended Indian
    rights-Historia de las Indias-some reforms as a
    result
  • A mixing of cultures and peoples occurred
  • Catholicism and native traditions combined
  • La Virgen de Guadalupe-symbol of Mexican
    nationalism

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  • Many single men came from Spain
  • MestizosSpanish Indian
  • MulattosSpanish black
  • Other terms peninsularespure blood
    Spanish from Spain
  • CriollosSpanish heritage but born in the New
    World
  • A caste system helped keep folks in their
    places
  • Spain could not rule these vast land claims
  • - The area was too large and too distant
  • - The treasure bankrupted the economy due
    to inflation
  • Spain became dependent on American wealth

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  • THE FRENCH CLAIM CANADA see map
  • Jacques Cartier looked for a NW passage through
    the Americas (1534)
  • Navigated through the Gulf of St. Lawrence
    (Left in 1542)
  • Samuel de Champlain returned to settle the
    region in 1542
  • French explorers hoped for three Gs also
  • Rivers and Great Lakes helped establish a
    profitable trading network
  • All exports and imports had to go
    through Quebec
  • Pere Jacques Marquette traveled down the
    Mississippi
  • Robert de LaSalle followed the river through the
    Gulf of Mexico
  • Louisiana was then established
  • New Orleans was the most important port city
    on the Gulf
  • Priests (Jesuits and Recollects) had some
    success at conversion
  • Small population and harsh weather hampered
    Frances imperial dreams
  • French viewed the natives as necessary economic
    partners
  • French crown remained indifferent to Canadian
    affairs

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  • THE ENGLISH ENTER THE COMPETITION
  • John Cabot and his son Sebastian sailed for
    England and explored the Hudson Bay while looking
    for a NW passage
  • England behind in exploration a. Henry VIII
    no standing army, small navy
  • b. international diplomacy-English
    merchants enjoyed
  • limited rights to trade in Spains
    Am. colonies
  • Birth of English Protestantism
  • Yes, the Reformation.
  • Henry VIII (Tudor) broke with the Catholic
    Church over some great matter of theology
  • Cardinal Thomas Woley did his part to sway the
    people
  • flaunted his wealth-symbol of spiritual
    corruption led to anticlericalism
  • Pope Clement VII refused the kings request for
    an Annulment - this got Henry angry
  • The King severed ties with the Church, assumed
    property leadership of the new Church of
    England (1534)

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  • Henry and many others continued as observant
    Catholics
  • Land owned by Cath. Church passed into private
    hands-gave people a vested interest in
    Protestantism
  • Mary I (the first) attempted to return England to
    the Church
  • Dissenters were martyred (recorded by John Foxe)
  • Book of Martyrs
  • Mary died, Protestants returned now Marian
    exiles exposed to Calvinism become leaders of the
    Elizabethan church
  • Elizabeth I established English Protestantism
  • Max Weber-German sociologist-argues Protestant
    ethic led to diligence, large profits thus
    economic impact

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  • Militant Protestantism
  • The Reformation proper begins in Germany 1517
    Martin Luther
  • God spoke to ordinary men through the Bible
  • Indulgences and rituals did not gain one
    salvation
  • Salvation was through faith alone
  • John Calvin (Swiss) stressed Gods omnipotence
    the idea of the elect
  • The elect would exhibit proper holy behavior
    predestination
  • Not knowing whether or not you were saved
    caused a bit of tension
  • French Huguenots and Scottish Presbyterians
    shared these beliefs
  • Those in England who shared these beliefs were
    known as Puritans
  • Woman in Power
  • The Pope referred to her as a woman of
    illegitimate birth
  • Elizabeth pursued moderate change, preserved
    old rituals
  • Radical change and persecution seemed
    impractical to her
  • Pope Pius V excommunicated her
  • Spain vowed to restore England to the Church and
    overthrow theTudors

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  • Religion, War and Nationalism
  • English Protestantism became an accepted part
    of the national identity
  • English Sea Dogs seized Spanish treasure for
    the Virgin Queen
  • Philip II constructed the Spanish Armada to
    counteract the arrogant Brits
  • The small, maneuverable British fleet defeated
    the Armada
  • IRISH BACKGROUND FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT
  • English settlers inhabited N Ireland in hopes
    of civilizing the inhabitants
  • The natives were Gaelic-speaking Catholics
    who did not take well to
  • rule by British Protestants
  • This conflict will continueWilliam Wallace
    anyone?
  • English Conquest of Ireland
  • The English ridiculed Irish pastoral farming,
    customs, superstitions, etc
  • The English began to structure Irish society
    as it ought to be
  • English Brutality
  • Irish resistance to English rule led to
    violence and brutality
  • Sir Humphrey Gilbert beheaded captors
  • Conquest in Ireland led to conquest in the
    Americas-here the English first learned to subdue
    a foreign population.

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  • After Irish Catholic rebellion and civil war,
    Oliver Cromwell, on behalf of the English
    Commonwealth, re-conquered Ireland during the
    time from 1649 to 1651. Under Cromwell's
    government, landownership in Ireland was
    transferred overwhelmingly to Protestant
    colonists.

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  • AN UNPROMISING BEGINNING
  • Roanoke Mystery
  • Elizabeth I granted the land to Sir Walter
    Raleigh but didnt help w/ -
  • Sir Walter Raleigh founded Roanoke in
    1584-difficult to reach on
  • NC Outer Banks see map
  • When Sir Francis Drake returned from a Caribbean
    voyage and visited
  • Roanoke colonists all went home
  • 1587-Ralegh launched a second colony
  • John White was left in charge The
    settlers landed on Roanoke Island on July 22
    1587. On August 18, White's daughter (Eleanor)
    delivered the first English child born in the
    Americas Virginia Dare.
  • Spanish Armada severed as communication
  • -all Eng. vessels in military service so no
    ship arrived.
  • When Raleigh returned, the colony was gone
  • Croaton? Ask Stephen King
  • Failure of Roanoke colony may have been a
    blessing in disguise
  • Spanish would be aware of English intrusion and
    send out an expedition
  • or build forts on entire coast and it was likely
    the English would not return

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  • Dreams of Possession
  • Richard Hakluyt the Younger published The
    Principall Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries
    of the English Nation (1589)
  • He told readers they would reap without sowing,
    ignored toil and suffering
  • Hakluyts central point-England needed American
    colonies they were essential to the nations
    prosperity and independence
  • His writings greatly encouraged
    colonization-without him the dream of American
    colonization might have died in England.

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