Animal, Plant

1
Animal, Plant Soil Science

• Lesson C1-1
• The Animal Science Industry

2
Interest Approach

• Form groups of three to five individuals. Each
  group should select a chairperson and a recorder.
  Have each group develop a list of the ways
  animals benefit humans. Items on the list should
  be ranked, with 1 being the most important and
  the highest number being the least important.
  (The value of the highest number depends on the
  number of items the group has listed.) Allow 10
  to 15 minutes for this activity. Afterward, call
  on the recorder for each group to give a report
  and to list the benefits in order of importance
  on the writing surface. Go through the reports
  from all the groups and have students consolidate
  the lists. The numerical rankings can be used in
  the consolidation process. (The list should be
  retained for future reference as this lesson is
  taught. Students should record the list in their
  notebooks.)

3
Objectives

• Investigate the history of animal domestication.
• Identify and describe the important segments of
  the animal industry.

4
Objectives

• Analyze the components necessary to provide
  appropriate animal care and well-being.
• Classify common livestock and companion animals
  based on their species, age, and sexual state.

5
Terms

• animal domestication
• animal environment
• animal health
• animal industry
• animal marketing
• animal nutrition
• animal processing
• animal production

• animal reproduction
• animal selection
• animal services
• animal supplies
• animal well-being
• castration
• companion animal
• feral animal

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Terms

• livestock
• neutering
• poultry
• ration
• service animals
• spaying
• wildlife

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What is the history of animal domestication?

• Animal domestication is the process of removing
  animals from wild settings and raising them in a
  controlled environment.
• Domestication usually results
  in all members of a species
  being domesticated.
• Animals that have not been domesticated are known
  as wildlife.

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What is the history of animal domestication?

• A member of a species that was once domesticated
  but has returned to live in the wild is a feral
  animal.
• Examples of feral animals are
  wild dogs and wild horses.
• Domesticated animals depend on humans to provide
  for most of their needs, such as a good pasture
  for cattle.

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What is the history of animal domestication?

• A. Domestication began thousands of years ago
  with animals similar to cattle whose fossils were
  found in Asia.
• The fossils date back 3 to 4 million years or
  more.
• The remains have ox-like animal parts and horns
  comparable to those of goats.
• However, cattle are not thought to have been
  domesticated until 8000 to 6000 B.C. in Europe
  and parts of Asia.

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What is the history of animal domestication?

• The first domesticated bovine animal is believed
  to have descended from aurochs.
• The auroch survived until relatively modern
  times.
• The species became extinct in 1627 near Warsaw,
  Poland.
• Early cattle served a triple purpose for humans.
  They provided meat, milk, and labor.
• Ultimately, the draft purpose was replaced by
  horses and then by machinery.
• Today many breeds are considered for single or
  dual purposes.

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What is the history of animal domestication?

• 1. People began domestication because having a
  consistent food supply was easier if animals did
  not have to be hunted.
• People started to manage animals
  and found it easier to care for themand to
  understand their needs.
• They also found it easier to raise
  them and use them to help meet
  human needs.

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What is the history of animal domestication?

• 2. Domestication allowed people to use animals
  for power in pulling loads.
• Many early cattle served as triple-purpose
  breeds.
• Draft purpose was one of the
  essential functions.
• Horses, donkeys, and even
  goats served a draft purpose.

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What is the history of animal domestication?

• 3. Some animals and their owners developed
  attachments to each other.
• The animals became companion animals.
• A companion animal is an animal kept by a human
  for enjoyment in a long-term relationship.
• Companion animals are frequently called pets.
• Examples of companion animals are dogs, cats,
  fish, rabbits, and hamsters.
• Horses and other animals may be raised for
  recreation and/or companion relationships.

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What is the history of animal domestication?

• B. Domestication continues today, with new
  species now undergoing the process.
• An example is elk.
• Some people are beginning to farm elk,
  though most elk still exist in the wild.
• Bison and some fish are other examples
  of species being domesticated.
• Some types of monkeys are bred for pet trade.
• Llamas are bred with alpacas for a greater pet
  appeal and woollier coats.
• The production of fennec foxes, albino hedgehogs,
  and mutant hairless guinea pigs are examples of
  how domestication continues today.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• The animal industry is all the activities in
  producing animals and their products or benefits
  to meet the needs of people.
• A. Many competencies are needed to assure that
  animals receive care that promotes their
  well-being.
• People need to understand the unique
  characteristics of the species they are
  producing.
• B. The animal industry has several important
  areas.
• These contribute to animal production for maximum
  human benefit.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• 1. Animal production is the
  production of animals for food
  and other uses, such as companionship.
• The kinds of animals produced and the nature of
  production practices vary, depending on interests
  and technology.
• Production may be quite specialized to provide a
  specific animal product.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• a. Livestock encompasses mammals raised on farms
  and/or ranches for food and other human purposes.
  
• Cattle, swine, sheep, horses, and
  goats are often produced on large-
  scale farms.
• Less common species, such as
  llamas and elk, are usually produced on
  small-scale farms.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• b. Companion animals serve
  as pets.
• Among the most popular are dogs,
  cats, fish, rabbits, and hamsters.
• Some companion animals can act as service animals
  to humans.
• Service animals are animals that assist people in
  living and work.
• They are used in many ways and may be given
  special training.
• Examples are dogs that assist people who are
  visually impaired.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• c. Poultry is the group name
  for all domesticated birds
  used for meat, eggs, and
  feathers.
• Poultry is also referred to as birds and fowl.
• These birds have wings, backbones, and feathers
  some can even swim.
• d. Other animals produced for specific reasons
  include food fish, laboratory animals, and exotic
  animals.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• 2. Animal supplies is the area of the animal
  industry that provides the inputs (goods or
  products) needed to produce animals.
• These goods or products
  typically come from sources
  of the production facility.
• Examples are feed, medicine,
  and equipment.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• 3. Animal services is the area of the animal
  industry that includes the professional and
  technical assistance that producers need and use
  in efficiently producing animals.
• Examples of service
  providers are
  veterinarians, farriers,
  and shearers.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• 4. Animal marketing is all the processes involved
  in assuring that consumers have the desired
  animal products.
• It includes activities in transporting, grading,
  selling, etc.
• Marketing is the link between the producer and
  the consumer.

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What are the important segments of the animal
industry?

• 5. Animal processing is the preparation of
  animals and animal products for human use or
  consumption.
• It is closely related to marketing.
• The functions vary with the product.
• Milk, eggs, wool, and meat go through
  different processes in preparation
  for consumption.
• Some animals, such as those for
  companionship, safety, or service, do not produce
  products.

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What are the components necessary to provide
appropriateanimal care and well-being?

• Successful animal production requires care and
  management.
• A. Animal well-being is an important part of care
  and management.
• Animal well-being is the result of caring for an
  animal so all of its needs are met and it does
  not suffer.
• Steps must be taken to make the animal healthy,
  such as providing proper feed and water.

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What are the components necessary to provide
appropriateanimal care and well-being?

• B. Several areas are important in animal care and
  management.
• These are related to producing animals
  successfully.
• With study and experience, individuals can
  develop the knowledge and skill needed to provide
  care and management.
• 1. Animal selection is the choosing of animals to
  achieve desired goals.
• This includes the selection of animals for
  specific characteristics and of animals adapted
  to the situation in which they will be raised.
• Profitability for commercial animal producers
  requires the production of quality animals.

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What are the components necessary to provide
appropriateanimal care and well-being?

• 2. Animal nutrition is the study of the kind and
  amount of feed and water an animal needs and how
  the animal uses food substances.
• The needs of animals are dependent on
  age and condition.
• There are several important factors to
  an animals ration.
• A ration is an animals diet or what an animal
  eats each day.
• It is important to have a properly balanced
  ration, especially for young animals and
  lactating females.

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What are the components necessary to provide
appropriateanimal care and well-being?

• 3. Animal health is the condition in which the
  animal is free of disease and all body systems
  are functioning properly.
• Good nutrition and a good
  environment promote health.
• Vaccination and other health-
  promoting management are beneficial.
• Producers know the importance of prevention.
• Disease among animals can be difficult to treat,
  can be costly, and can decrease production.

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What are the components necessary to provide
appropriateanimal care and well-being?

• 4. Animal reproduction is the process by which
  offspring are produced.
• Understanding reproductive processes of the
  species is essential for successful animal
  production.
• 5. Animal environment is the surroundings in
  which an animal is living.
• Some animals are adapted to the natural weather
  environment other animals need housing and
  protection.
• Animal environment includes the surroundings in
  which an animal is placed temporarily, such as in
  hauling, handling, penning, and other situations
  involved in production.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• Animals are classified by species, age, and
  sexual state.
• It is important to use the
  appropriate names when
  referring to animals.
• A. Age is a means of
  determining the difference between mature animals
  and immature animals.
• B. Sexual state is another way of classifying
  animals.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• 1. Male or female is one distinction.
• 2. Another distinction is whether an animal is in
  its natural sexual state or whether it has
  undergone sexual alteration known as neutering.
• An animal is neutered to prevent it from
  reproducing or to cause it to express desired
  traits.
• For example, neutering may increase the rate of
  growth and the quality of meat.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• Two types of neutering are castration and
  spaying.
• a. Castration is the removal or destruction of
  the testicles of a male so it does not breed.
• b. Spaying is the removal of the ovaries or the
  cutting of the fallopian tubes of a female so an
  egg cannot enter the uterus, where it may be
  fertilized and develop as an embryo and fetus.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• C. The following are common names of cattle.
• 1. A mature male is a bull.
• 2. A mature female is a cow.
• 3. A young male is a bull.
• 4. A young female is a heifer.
• 5. A castrated male is a steer.
• 6. A newborn is a calf.
• 7. A group of cattle is a herd.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• D. The following are common names of goats.
• 1. A mature male is a buck.
• 2. A mature female is a doe.
• 3. A young male is a buck kid.
• 4. A young female is a doeling.
• 5. A castrated male is a wether.
• 6. A newborn is a kid.
• 7. A group of goats is a herd.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• E. The following are common names of sheep.
• 1. A mature male is a ram.
• 2. A mature female is a ewe.
• 3. A young male is a ram lamb.
• 4. A young female is a ewe lamb.
• 5. A castrated male is a wether.
• 6. A newborn is a lamb.
• 7. A group of sheep is a flock.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• F. The following are common names of hogs/swine.
• 1. A mature male is a boar.
• 2. A mature female is a sow.
• 3. A young male is a shoat or
  young boar.
• 4. A young female is a gilt.
• 5. A castrated male is a barrow.
• 6. A newborn is a pig or piglet.
• 7. A group of hogs/swine is a drove.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• G. The following are common names of chickens.
• 1. A mature male is a rooster.
• 2. A mature female is a hen.
• 3. A young male is a cockerel.
• 4. A young female is a pullet.
• 5. A castrated male is a capon.
• 6. A newborn is a chick.
• 7. A group of chickens is a flock.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• H. The following are common names of turkeys.
• 1. A mature male is a tom.
• 2. A mature female is a hen.
• 3. A young male is a tom poult.
• 4. A young female is a hen poult.
• 5. A newborn is a poult.
• 6. A group of turkeys is a flock.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• I. The following are common names of dogs.
• 1. A mature male is a stud.
• 2. A mature female is a bitch.
• 3. A young male is an intact.
• 4. A young female is a bitch.
• 5. A castrated male is a neuter.
• 6. A newborn is a puppy.
• 7. A group of dogs is a pack.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• J. The following are common names of cats.
• 1. A mature male is a tom.
• 2. A mature female is a queen.
• 3. A castrated male is a gib.
• 4. A newborn is a kitten.
• 5. A group of cats is a bevy.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• K. The following are common names of horses.
• 1. A mature male is a
  stallion.
• 2. A mature female is a mare.
• 3. A young male is a colt.
• 4. A young female is a filly.
• 5. A castrated male is a gelding.
• 6. A newborn is a foal.
• 7. A group of horses is a herd.

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How are common livestock and companion animals
classified?

• L. The following are common names of rabbits.
• 1. A mature male is a buck.
• 2. A mature female is a doe.
• 3. A newborn is a kit.
• 4. A group of rabbits is a group.

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43
Review

• What is the history of animal domestication?
• What are the important segments of the animal
  industry?

44
Review

• What are the components necessary to provide
  appropriate animal care and well-being?
• How are common livestock and companion animals
  classified?