PSYCHOLOGY%20(8th%20Edition)%20PROLOGUE

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PSYCHOLOGY(8th Edition)PROLOGUE
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Bellringer

• Write a response to the following statement.
• 5 minutes 5 points
• Please define
• the mind
• the brain.
• How they are similar or different?

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Definition of Psychology

• The scientific study of behavior and mental
  processes
• What is behavior ? Anything an organism does -
  anything that can be observed
• What are mental processes? the internal,
  subjective experiences we infer from behavior
  (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts,
  beliefs, and feelings)

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Roots of PsychologyWho, what, and when
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Prescientific Psychology

• Socrates (469-399 B.C.)Plato (428-348 B.C.)

Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind
was separate from the body, the mind continued to
exist after death, and ideas were innate.
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Why did Socrates and Plato believe this?

• Socrates and Plato used logic to come to their
  findings.
• LOGIC the science that investigates the
  principles of governing correct or reliable
  inferences

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Prescientific Psychology

• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, Platos student, suggested that the
soul is not separable from the body and that
knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.
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Aristotle

• Used careful observations
• From observing people, Aristotle believed that
  knowledge is not preexisting instead, it grows
  from the experiences stored in our memories.

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Prescientific Psychology

• Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Descartes, like Socrates and Plato, believed in
soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the
immaterial mind and physical body communicated.
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Descartes

• The mind and body must communicate when you put
  your hand in the fire, your mind feels the pain
• How? - According to Descartes, there are animal
  spirits that travel. These spirits travel
  through hollow nerves from the brain to muscles,
  creating experiences and memories known as
  reflexes

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Homework

• Study Figure 1 on pg 10 (Three Main Levels of
  Analysis) aka Bio-Psycho-Social approach be
  prepared to analyze a behavior or mental process
  using this approach
• Example - anger

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Prescientific Psychology

• John Locke (1632-1704)

Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or
blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on
it.
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BELL RINGER

• Think Pair Share
• Think about the question
• Pair up with a partner
• Share out with the class when called
• Who were the early people we studied in
  psychology and what did they believe?

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What comes from Locke?

• Lockes beliefs helped form modern empiricism
  (knowledge originates in experience and that
  science should, therefore, rely on observation
  and experimentation)

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Key Terms

• Monism the belief that the mind and body are
  separate, different aspects of the same thing
  Exist independently of each other
• Dualism the presumption that the mind and body
  are two distinct entities that interact exist
  in concert with each other
• Mind what the brain does
• Brain the physical component of the head

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Bell Ringer

• Place your BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL homework on your
  desk to be checked for completion.
• We are going to check your work together, as a
  class. After reviewing, if you are missing a
  component of the BIO-PSYCH-SOCIAL approach, add
  it to your chart.

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Psychological Science is Born
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms)
of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
Germany, in 1879.
Wundt (1832-1920)
Titchner (1867-1927)
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Structuralism

• Wundt and his student Titchner focused on the
  elements of mind, and studied it by using
  introspection (self-reflection).
• Introspection asking people to look inside
  themselves and share their beliefs, feelings,
  etc
• Problems with introspection people have to be
  honest and straightforward

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Psychological Science is Born

• Functionalism

William James (1842-1910)
Mary Calkins
Influenced by Darwin, William James established
the school of functionalism, which opposed
structuralism.
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Functionalism

• James suggested that it would be more fruitful to
  consider the evolved functions of our thoughts
  and feelings than simply studying the elements of
  mind. Based on the theory of evolution, he
  suggested that the function of these thoughts and
  feelings was adaptive.

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Mary Calkins

• James admitted the first woman student Mary
  Calkins to Harvard and tutored her. Despite his
  efforts she was not able to attain her PhD from
  Harvard.

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Psychological Science is Born

• The Unconscious Mind

Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the
importance of the unconscious mind and its
effects on human behavior.
Freud (1856-1939)
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Behaviorism
Watson (1878-1958)
Skinner (1904-1990)
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the
study of overt behavior as the subject matter of
scientific psychology.
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Psychological Science Develops

• Humanistic Psychology

Maslow (1908-1970)
Rogers (1902-1987)
Maslow and Rogers emphasized current
environmental influences on our growth potential
and our need for love and acceptance.
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Bell Ringer Think for 3 minutes Discuss for 5
minutes as a class

• What does
• Nature vs. Nurture
• mean to you?

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Psychologys Big Debate

• Nature versus Nurture
• Nature
• What we are born with Genes, heredity, etc
• Nurture
• How we are raised our surroundings,
  environment, etc

Darwin (1809-1882)
Darwin stated that nature selects those that best
enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a
particular environment.
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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
Bio-psycho-social approach considers the
influence of biological, psychological, and
socio-cultural factors on behavior. Each approach
provides an incomplete explanation of behaviors.
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BIOLOGICAL

• GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
• GENETIC MUTATIONS
• NATURAL SELECTION OF ADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
  BEHAVIORS
• GENES RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT

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PSYCHOLOGICAL

• LEARNED FEARS AND OTHER LEARNED EXPECTATIONS
• EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
• COGINITIVE PROCESS AND PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATIONS

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SOCIAL-CULTURAL

• PRESENCES OF OTHERS
• CULTURAL, SOCIETAL, AND FAMILY EXPECTATIONS
• PEER AND OTHER GROUP INFLUENCES
• COMPELLING MODELS

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Bell Ringer Think-Pair-Share

• With a partner, take turns coming up with the
  type of questions a psychologist might ask when
  doing their job.
• Example How does that make you feel?

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Perspectives of Psychology

• Different psychologist specialize in different
  areas. Following are the current perspective,
  their focus, and sample questions that help
  describe each perspective.

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NEUROSCIENCE

• Focus
• How the body and brain enables emotions
• Questions
• How are messages transmitted in the body?
• How is blood chemistry linked with mood and
  motives?

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Evolutionary

• Focus
• How the natural selection of traits promotes the
  perpetuation of ones genes?
• Questions
• How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

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Behavior Genetics

• Focus
• How much our genes and our environments influence
  our individual differences?
• Questions
• To what extent are psychological traits such as
  intelligence, personality, sexual orientation,
  and vulnerability to depression attributable to
  our genes?
• To our environment?

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Psychodynamic

• Focus
• How behavior springs from unconscious drives and
  conflicts?
• Questions
• How can someones personality traits and
  disorders be explained in terms of sexual and
  aggressive drives or as disguised effects of
  unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?

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Behavioral

• Focus
• How we learn observable responses?
• Questions
• How do we learn to fear particular objects or
  situations?
• What is the most effective way to alter our
  behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

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Cognitive

• Focus
• How we encode, process, store and retrieve
  information?
• Questions
• How do we use information in remembering?
• Reasoning?
• Problem solving?

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Social-Cultural

• Focus
• How behavior and thinking vary across situations
  and cultures?
• Questions
• How are we as Africans, Asians, Australians or
  North Americans alike as members of human
  family?
• As products of different environmental contexts,
  how do we differ?

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Test your knowledge what perspective is
described

• Someone working from the _____________
  perspective might study how anger facilitated the
  survival of our ancestors genes.
• answer Evolutionary Perspective

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Test your knowledge what perspective is
described

• 2. Someone working from the ____________
  perspective might study the facial expressions
  and body gestures that accompany anger, or might
  attempt to determine which external stimuli
  results in angry responses or aggressive acts.
• answer - behavioral

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Test your knowledge what perspective is
described

• 3. Someone working on the ________ perspective
  might study how our interpretation of a situation
  affects our anger and how our anger affects our
  thinking.
• answer - Cognitive

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Test your knowledge what perspective is
described

• 4. Someone working from the ___________
  perspective might view an outburst as an outlet
  for unconscious hostility.
• answer - Psychodynamic

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Test your knowledge what perspective is
described

• 5. Someone working on the ___________ perspective
  might explore which situations produce the most
  anger, and how expressions of anger vary across
  cultural contexts.
• answer Social-Cultural

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Test your knowledge what perspective is
described

• 6. Someone working from the __________
  perspective might study the brain circuits that
  produce the physical state of being red in the
  face and hot under the collar.
• answer - Neuroscience

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Test your knowledge what perspective is
described

• 7. Someone working from the _____________
  perspective might study how heredity and
  experience influence our individual differences
  in temperament.
• answer Behavior Genetics Perspective

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Bell ringer Which isnt a psychologist?

1. A white-coated scientist probing a rats brain.
2. An intelligence research measuring how quickly an
   infant becomes bored with a familiar picture.
3. An executive evaluating a new health life-style
   training program for employees.
4. Someone at a computer keyboard analyzing data on
   whether adopted teens temperaments more closely
   resemble those of their adoptive parents or those
   of their biological parents.
5. A therapist listening carefully to a clients
   depressed thoughts.
6. A traveler en route to another culture to collect
   data on variations in human values and behaviors
7. A teacher or writer sharing the joy of psychology
   with others

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Answer

• ALL OF THEM REPRESENT A PSYCHOLOGIST

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Types of psychologist

• Basic Research
• To build psychologys knowledge base

• Applied Research
• Aims to solve a practical problem

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Types of psychologist Subfields Research
Psychologist What they do
Biological Explore the links between brain and mind.
Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb.
Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
Social Explore how we view and affect one another.
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Psychologys Subfields Research
Data APA 1997
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Psychologys Subfields Applied
Psychologist What they do
Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
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Psychologys Subfields Applied
Data APA 1997
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Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

• A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies,
  assesses, and treats troubled people with
  psychotherapy.
• Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical
  professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like
  drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically
  diseased patients.

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Who Am I?

• I meet regularly with a person suffering with
  bi-polar disorder. I evaluate them and offer
  treatment in the form of therapy and medication.
• Answer Clinical Psychologist

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Who Am I?

• 2. I work at a university where I meet with
  students to discuss with them how they learn and
  develop as a student. My research also includes
  meeting with grade-school children.
• Answers Educational Psychologist

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Who Am I?

• 3. I am a medical doctor that treats the mind. I
  can prescribe medication to my patients.
• Answer - Psychiatrist

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Who Am I?

• 4.I am a psychologist that consults with large
  corporations on how they can become more
  productive by providing motivation and incentives
  to their workers.
• Answer Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

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Who Am I?

• 5.I lend an ear to people when they feel
  overwhelmed. I often discuss martial problems,
  academic problems, and social problems with my
  clients. The type of treatment I offer my
  clients is mostly being an ear and offering
  support.
• Answer Counseling Psychologist

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Who Am I?

• 6.I am a psychologist with a Ph.D. I treat my
  patients with psychotherapy.
• Answer Clinical Psychologist

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How much do they make?

• Salaries for Various Psychology Jobs
• Career Counselor 46,000
• Clinical Psychologist 63,000
• Counselor 47,530
• Health Psychologist 40,000 (entry-level) to
  85,000 (advanced-level)
• Industrial-Organizational Psychologist 97,820
• Psychiatrist 144,020
• School Counselor 53,750
• School Psychologist 59,440
• Sports Psychologist 54,000
• Substance Abuse Counselor 59,460

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How much school is needed?

• Clinical Psychologist Doctorate Degree in
  Psychology (4 to 7 years of graduate school)
• Industrial-Organizational Psychologist Master's
  Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school)
• Licensed Counselor Master's Degree (2 to 3 years
  of graduate school)
• School Psychologist Varies by state (2 to 3
  years of graduate school)
• Health Psychologist Doctorate Degree (4 to 5
  years of graduate school)
• Sports Psychologist Master's Degree (2 to 3
  years of graduate school)
• School Psychologist Master's degree (2 to 3
  years of graduate school)
• Child Psychologist Doctoral degree (5 to 7 years
  of graduate school)
• Criminal Psychologist Master's degree (2 to 3
  years of graduate school) a doctoral degree is
  recommended.

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Homework Written response

• You have to choose a career in psychology. What
  type of psychologist would you like to become and
  why? What educational sacrifices would you have
  to make?
• Write a 1 page response. 50 points

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Close-up
Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read,
Review and Reflect (SQ3R)

• Survey What you are about to read, including
  chapter outlines and section heads.
• Question Ask questions. Make notes.
• Read Make sure you read outlines, sections and
  chapters in entirety.
• Review Margin definitions. Study learning
  outcomes.
• Reflect On what you learn. Test yourself with
  quizzes.

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Review for quiz

• People of psychology and what they believed
• Schools of psychology
• Nature vs nurture
• Perspectives of psychology
• Types of psychologist
• SQ3R