HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

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HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

• Murat Yakut
• Ismail Yilmaz

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CONTENT

• What is the Hydroelectric energy?
• History of Hydroelectric energy?
• Potential Energy?
• Kinetic Energy?
• Mechanical energy?
• How it works?
• Component
• Type Of Dam
• Type Of Turibine
• Advantage/Disadvantage

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What is the Hydroelectric energy?

• Generally ,Using the power of water currents to
  generate electric power.
• Hydroelectric power is considered a renewable
  energy source.

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History of Hydroelectric energy?

• Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water
  wheels to grind wheat into flour
• The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine
  began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic
  and military engineer, Bernard Forest de Bélidor
  wrote Architecture Hydraulique.

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Potential Energy?

• Potential energy exists whenever an object which
  has mass has a position within a force field. 

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Kinetic Energy?

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any
  moving object has kinetic energy.

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Mechanical energy?

• Mechanical energy is a form of kinetic energy,
  such as in a machine. Mechanical energy has the
  ability to do work. Any object that is able to
  do work has mechanical energy.

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How it works?

• Falling or flowing water turns a propeller like
  piece called a turbine.
• The turbine turns a metal shaft in an electric
  generator which produces electricity.

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Block Diagram
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Component of Hydro Power

• Dam  are massive barriers built across rivers
  and streams to confine and utilize the flow of
  water for human purposes such as irrigation and
  generation of hydroelectricity.
• Intake water from the river/spring/dam/irrigatio
  n channel is diverted from its main course.General
  ly weir used to divertwater through intake into
  open channel.
• Penstock pipeline supplying water from forebay
  to turbine. Mild steel, upvc and hdpe - most
  commonly used materials.
• Power House houses turbine  generator with mecha
  nical control valves and electrical control
  panels. Switch yard and connection to
  distribution system.
• Turbine hydro power in jet at end of penstock
  ransmitted to turbine runner - changes to
  mechanical power.
• Generator electricity generated when
  turbine drives generator.

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Type Of Dam

• Arch Dam
• Gravity Dam
• Buttress Dam
• Embankment Dam

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Arch Dam

• Arch shape gives strength
• Less material (cheaper)
• Narrow sites
• Need strong abutments

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Arch Dam
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Gravity Dam

• Weight holds dam in place
• Lots of concrete (expensive)

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Gravity Dam
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Buttress Dam

• Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural
  supports
• a support that transmits a force from a roof or
  wall to another supporting structure
• Face is held up by a series of supports
• Flat or curved face

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Buttress Dam
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Embankment (Earth) Dam

• They are trapezoidal in shape
• Earth dams are constructed where the foundation
  or the underlying material or rocks are weak to
  support the masonry dam or where the suitable
  competent rocks are at greater depth.
• Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and
  broad at the base
• They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel,
  hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or
  Rock fill dam

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Embankment (Earth) Dam
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Scale of Hydropower

• Large-hydro- More than 100 MW feeding into a
  large electricity grid
• Medium-hydro -15 -100 MW usually feeding a grid
• Small-hydro -1 -15 MW -usually feeding into a
  grid
• Mini-hydro -Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW ,Either
  stand alone schemes or more often feeding into
  the grid
• Micro-hydro -From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually
  provided power for a small community or rural
  industryin remote areas away from the grid.
• Pico-hydro -From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
  Remote areas away from the grid

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Type Of Turibine

• Impulse Turbines
• Pelton turbine
• Turgo turbine
• Michelle-Banki turbine
• Reaction Turbines
• Francis turbine
• Kaplan turbine
• Gorlov turbine

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PELTON TURBINES

• Entrance elbow
• Injector
• Regulator
• Bun
• Blades or spoons.

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How it Works?

• The Pelton turbines are used with high height
  jumps.
• The gravitational power energy of the water
  dammed becomes in kinetic energy.
• The injector throws the high speed water to the
  blades that are glued to the bun.
• The water spurt transmits its kinetic energy to
  the bun, where it is transformed instantaneously
  into mechanical energy.

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PELTON TURBINES
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KAPLAN TURBINES

• The turbines that take his name have
  revolutionized in these years the use of jumps of
  little height.
• The Kaplan turbines are water reaction turbines
  of axial flow, with a bun that works in similar
  way to the helix of a boat.
• The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which
  the blades of the bun turn itself when it is on,
  adjusting automatically according the work to the
  conditions of optimal yield.

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KAPLAN TURBINES
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DERIAZ TURBINES

• Deriaz invented later the turbine that takes his
  name
• This turbine is reversible
• The price of the machinery is reduced using the
  same machine like pump and turbine.

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DERIAZ TURBINES
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FRANCIS TURBINES

• The Francis turbine is one of the reaction
  turbines
• The radial flow causes the turn of the runner
• This turbine is reversible
• Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range
  of heads and flows

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FRANCIS TURBINES
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Advantage

• Hydropowers fuel supply (flowing water) is clean a
  nd isrenewed yearly by snow and rainfall.
• hydro plants do not emit pollutants into the air
  because they burn no fuel.
• With growing concern over greenhouse gas emissions
   andincreased demand for electricity, hydropower m
  ay becomemore important in the future.
• Hydropower facilities offer a range of additional 
  benefits.Many dams are used to control flooding
  and regulate water supply, and reservoirs provide
  lakes for recreational purposes,such as boating
  and fishing.
• Low operating and maintenance cost

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Disadvantage

• Damming rivers may permanently alter river systems
   and wildlife habitats. Fish, for one, may no
  longer be able to swimupstream.
• Hydro plant operations may also affect water quali
  ty bychurning up dissolved metals that may have
  been deposited byindustry long ago.
• Hydropower operations may increase silting, change
   water temperatures, and lower the levels
  of dissolved oxygen.
• Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to
  inundation of reservoir area.
• High initial capital cost.

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THANK YOU

• Hydropower is a renewable energy source