Pre-Columbian Civilizations

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Pre-Columbian Civilizations
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Todays Announcements

• Vocabulary due NOW
• Take out Exploration Packet

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Mayan 300-900 Aztec 1200-1521 Incan 1400-1535
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Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico (600 AD)
Mayan Achievements
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Tikal Temple of the Masks
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Tenochtitlan Wall of Skulls
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Aztec Chinampas Floating Gardens
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Machu Picchu
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Voyages of Marco Polo
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Background

• Asian goods flow to Europe
• Crusades/Mongol Empire
• Polos tales of Asian wealth fascinate Europeans
  (breakup of Mongol Empire disrupt trade)
• As European population increases, demand
  increases
• Recovery from Black Death
• Spices DESIRED (flavor, preserve, medicine,
  perfume) from East

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Age of ExplorationGlobal History
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Do Now Why would nations want to explore other
nations?
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Motives for Exploration

• Demand (new goods)
• Easy/Cheaper Access
• Power/Status
• Wealth (profit/take over lands)
• Renaissance Spirit of Inquiry
• Desire to learn about lands outside of Europe
  New goods (spices!)
• Missionary work (Catholic Reformation)
• Desire to win converts to Christianity

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• Portugal/Spain desire new route to Asia that
  bypasses Mediterranean Sea
• Muslim/Italian merchants control trade b/w Europe
  Asia (1400s)
• Europeans want to cut out the middle man
• Direct access to riches of Asia cheaper goods

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1492

• Columbus convinces King Ferdinand Queen
  Isabella (Spain) to finance his enterprise of the
  Indies

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• (1492) Spanish finance voyage because
• anxious to spread Christianity (Counter-Reformatio
  n)
• Muslims/Jews driven out of Spain
• new sources of wealth
• Columbus plan ? sail west
• No idea that North/South America lay in his path!!

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• Convinced he reached islands off coast of East
  Asia
• Called people Indians (Caribbean Islands
  West Indies)

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• Europeans realize Columbus found route to unknown
  continent
• Interest in Americas sparked throughout Europe

SPAIN PORTUGAL DIVIDE NON-EUROPEAN WORLD INTO
TWO ZONES FOR THEIR ACCESS (1494)
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The First Spanish Conquests The Aztecs What
happened during this exchange?
vs.
Cortés
Montezuma
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• Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians, who
  love and promote the holy Christian faith, and
  are enemies of the doctrine of Mahomet, and of
  all heresy, determined to send me, Christopher
  Columbus, to the above-mentioned countries of
  India, to see the said princes, people, and
  territories, and to learn their disposition and
  the proper method of converting them to our holy
  faith and furthermore directed that I should not
  proceed by land to the East, as is customary, but
  by a Westerly route, in which direction we have
  no certain evidence that any one has gone.
• Questions
• Why was Columbus writing?
• How does he try to persuade the King to fulfill
  his request?

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Why were the conquistadores so victorious?

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JUST A SIDENOTE
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Remaking the Americas

• Hernan Cortes attacks Aztecs Francisco Pizzaro
  attacks Incas
• Question What other countries colonized the
  Americas?

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Remaking the AmericasDo Now How were natives
affected by colonization?

• Politically
• a. Council of the Indies
• b. Viceroys

• Socially
• Forced to accept Christianity
• Encomienda System Enslavement
• New social structure
• Disease decline of Native population (Caribbean,
  90)
• Spanish language

• Economically
• Stripped of natural resources
• Forced to export resources to colony forced to
  import only from colony mercantilism

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• Mercantilist Policies
• Colonists export raw materials ONLY to mother
  country
• Colonies may ONLY buy goods from mother country

• Colonies exist ONLY to benefit mother country

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If you were living in a colony of the Spanish
Empire, what might your ethnic make-up be?
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1. What is a colony?
2. What is the purpose of a colony?
3. What benefits, if any, do colonists receive?
4. How would a king maintain control of his
   colonies? Why?

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Making ...

• Sugar profitable resource in West Indies
• grown on plantations (large estates)
• Finding large of laborers problem
• Monarchs grant conquistadors encomiendas (grant
  of indigenous labor)
• Right to demand labor/tribute from Natives
• System used to enslave Natives
• Starvation/cruel treatment if you resist

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Bartolome de las CasasWhat were his ideas?

• Priest
• Condemns encomienda system
• Urges colonists to import workers from Africa to
  fill labor shortage
• Settlers import millions of Africans (1502)
• New social class system emerges based on descent

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Atlantic Slave Trade
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Triangular Trade
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Do Now List 3 effects of the Columbian Exchange!
What else can we add to this diagram?
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Impact of Colombian Exchange

• Migration (people/ideas) From Old World to New
  World
• a. Cultural Exchange
• 2. Population Increase
• a. varied diet new food crops
• 3. Decline of Native population
• 4. The Commercial Revolution Beginning of
  capitalism
• a. economic system where people enter business
  to make a profit (market economy) Entrepreneurs
  people that enter into new business ventures (and
  take on the risks!)
• demand for new goods
• prices increase (scarcity)
• increased in circulation INFLATION

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Coffin Position Below Deck
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Do Now What would cause colonial people of
Latin America to revolt?

• Refer back to colonial life pre-1700s
  post-1700s!

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Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
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Yo soy un hombre sinceroDe donde crece la palmaY antes de morirme quieroEchar mis versos del almaGuantanamera, guajira, Guantanamera
Mi verso es de un verde claroY de un carmín encendidoMi verso es de un ciervo heridoQue busca en el monte amparoGuantanamera, guajira, Guantanamera
This third verse was never part of the song, Guantanamera, but was written in "Versos Sencillos" Cultivo una rosa blancaEn julio como en eneroPara el amigo sinceroQue me da su mano francaGuantanamera, guajira Guantanamera
I am a sincere manFrom where the palm tree growsAnd before dying I wantTo share the verses of my soul.
My verse is light greenAnd it is flaming crimsonMy verse is a wounded deerWho seeks refuge on the mountain (or in the woods).
I cultivate a white roseIn July as in JanuaryFor the sincere friendWho gives me his honest hand.
And for the cruel onewho would tear out this heart with which I liveI do not cultivate nettles nor thistlesI cultivate a white rose
With the poor people of the earthI want to share my fateThe brook of the mountainsGives me more pleasure than the sea
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I will never allow my hands to be idle or my
soul to rest, until I have broken the chains laid
upon us by Spain!Americans today, and
perhaps to a greater extent than ever before, who
live within the Spanish system, occupy a position
in society no better than the serfs destined for
labor, or at best they have no more status than
that of mere consumers

• Simon Bolivar, 1815

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Do Now What problems/issues would the newly
freed nations of Latin America face? Why?

• Latin America Post-Independence
• PROBLEMS
• History of democracy?
• Who is going to rule?
• Caudillos local men w/power (strongmen)
  created armies - dictatorships
• Influence of Catholic Church landowners
• Civil War/Revolts
• POLITICAL INSTABILITY

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European Colonization
Increased power in Church Military
Unequal distribution of wealth
Latin American Independence
Political Instability
Lack of INVESTMENT
POVERTY
Lack of CAPITAL for development!
Inability to pay foreign debt