AP%20BIO%20Ecology%20Review%20Chap%2051-55

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AP BIO Ecology ReviewChap 51-55
http//educ.queensu.ca/fmc/august2004/pages/dinob
reath.html
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• All the organisms that live in a place
• PLUS their non-living environment

ecosystem
Another name for autotrophs
producers
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• The portion of the Earth in which all life exists

biosphere
Make a food chain out of the following
herbivore omnivore autotroph
autotroph ? herbivore ? omnivore
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• Energy moves through ecosystemsin ______________
• food chains/webs biogeochemical
  cycles

Food chains
Which of these is a decomposer?
?
Fungi and SOME bacteria are decomposers
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• Organism that eats both plants and
• meat

omnivore
Process in which water from plant leaves
evaporates into the atmosphere
transpiration
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• Give an example of a decomposer

Bacteria or fungi
Which group of organisms is always found in the
first trophic level of every food chain or web?
Autotrophs or producers
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• Primary consumers are eaten by__________________

Secondary consumers
Camouflage is called ____________ coloration
cryptic
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• How much energy is passed from one trophic level
  to the next? Where do you think the rest of the
  energy goes?

Some is used by organism for life processes such
as movement, transport, metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and rest is lost as HEAT
Give an example of an ABIOTIC factor
Climate, temperature, precipitation, wind, soil
type, water availability, sunlight
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Who is it? Heterotroph that obtains energy by
eating only plants ___________________
Heterotroph that eats both plants
and animals _____________________
Heterotroph that breaks down organic matter (Ex
Fungi bacteria) __________________
Heterotroph that eats only meat
___________________
HERBIVORE
OMNIVORE
DECOMPOSER
CARNIVORE
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• Primary producers are eaten by________________

Primary consumers
Which of these is an herbivore?
? Zebras are herbivores
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• An organism that eats both meat and plants

omnivore
Name a limiting factor that could cause a
population to decrease
Competition- for food, shelter,
territory Predation Disease/Parasitism Drought/cli
mate change Human disturbance
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• The portion of the Earth in which all life exists

biosphere
Organism that captures and eats another
predator
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• What is the difference between a
• BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factor?

Biotic factors are living Abiotic factors are
the non-living parts of an ecosystem
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This diagram shows a ____________ Which of
the organisms above is a primary producer ?
___________ How many trophic levels are shown?
food chain
BIOLOGY Miller and Levine Prentice Hall 2006
algae
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• Symbiotic relationship in which
• both organisms benefit from their close
• association

mutualism
An organisms job that includes what it eats,
what eats it, where in the habitat it lives, how
it acts, and when how it reproduces?
niche
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• A group of individuals that belong to the
• same species that live together in an area

population
Another name for heterotrophs
consumers
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• Organisms that are able to take in energy from
  their environment and make their own
  carbohydrates are called _________________________
  __

autotrophs
Which of these is a carnivore?
? Lions are carnivores
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• Group of different populations that live together
  in an area

community
All the living things an ecosystem that an
organism might interact with
Biotic factors
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Which of the organisms above is a secondary
consumer?
BIOLOGY Miller and Levine Prentice Hall 2006
Small fish
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• Principle that states no two organisms can share
  the same niche at the same time in the same place

Competitive exclusion principle
Animals that display bright warning colorslike
yellow and black stripes on wasps are examples
of _____________ coloration
aposematic
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Which of the organisms above is a tertiary
consumer? _____________
BIOLOGY Miller and Levine Prentice Hall 2006
squid
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• Group of organisms so similar that they can breed
  and produce fertile offspring

species
An organism that is captured and eaten by another
prey
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• Symbiotic relationship in which one
• organism benefits but the other is
• neither harmed nor helped

commensalism
The scientific study of interactions between
organisms and between organisms and their
environment
ecology
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• Any necessity for life such as water, food,
  light, or space

resource
Relationship in which organismsattempt to use
the same resource at the same time and place
competition
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Batesian

• _____________ mimicry is when aharmless species
  displays similarcoloration as a harmful one.

Each step in a food chain or web
trophic level
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Which of the organisms above is a
quaternary consumer? __________
BIOLOGY Miller and Levine Prentice Hall 2006
shark
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?
The maximum population size anenvironment can
support is called
Carrying capacity
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Müllerian

• _____________ mimicry is when atwo
  unpalatable/dangerous species look alike, like
  bees and wasps orMonarch and Viceroy butterflies

A tick sucking a dogs blood is an example of
which kind of symbiosis?
parasitism
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• The study of past and present distribution of
  individual species

Biogeography
The movement of individuals away from centers of
high population density or from their area of
origin
Dispersion
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• Groups of different species that live together in
  an area make up a
• __________________

community
Which of these is an omnivore?
? Most humans are omnivores
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• Process in which green plants use
• energy from sunlight to produce
• carbohydrates

photosynthesis
Another name for a living thing
organism
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• Tell the group of organisms that all the cycles
  have in common which keeps matter cycling between
  living (organic) and nonliving (inorganic) parts
  of the ecosystem.

decomposers
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Keystone
_____________ species are not necessarily
abundant, yet exert a strong control on community
structure
In the bottom-up model of community organization,
where does biomass need to be altered in order to
change the community structure?
Mineral nutrients in the soil
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The type of dispersion pictured at left is
_________. ______________ is the study of the
vital statistics of a population and how they
change over time
clumped
Demography
Ammonifying
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dominant
A _____________ species is the one that is most
abundant or has the most biomass in the community
List biotic factors that affect the distribution
of organisms.
Competition Interactions with other
species Predation
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• An organism that eats ONLY meat

carnivore
What is the shape of an exponential growth curve?
A logistical growth curve?
Exponential J-shaped Logistical S-shaped
(sigmoid)
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• Symbiotic relationship in which one organism
  benefits by living on or inside another which is
  harmed

parasitism
How do temperature extremes affect the organisms
living in the environment?
Extremely high temp denature proteins Extremely
low temp slows metabolism
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• The scientific study of how animals behave

Ethology
All the non-living things such as climate,
temperature, weather, soil type, or sunlight in
an ecosystem that impact an organism
Abiotic factors
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• Organism that cant make its own food and get
  energy from consuming other organisms

heterotrophs or consumers
Any relationship in which two species live
closely together
symbiosis
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• Interaction in which one organism captures and
  feeds on another.

predation
Network of complex interactions linking all the
food chains in an ecosystem
food web
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• Organism that eats only plants

herbivore
The most important factor limiting plant growth
Sunlight intensity
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• Organism that eats only meat

carnivore
Process in which liquid water changes into a gas
evaporation
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• Click here , scroll down, and complete the food
  web matching activity

List the four abiotic components of climate
Temperature Water Sunlight Wind
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• Which type of organism is always on the first
  trophic level of every food chain

A producer
What happens as the size of the population moves
toward the carrying capacity of the environment?
The population growth rate decreases size of
population grows but a lot slower
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A change in direction in movement toward or away
from a stimulus is called _____________
taxis
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• Learning at a specific critical time that is
  involved in forming social attachments which has
  both learning innate components

imprinting
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• A species (usually introduced by humans) that
  takes hold outside its native range which has
  few natural predators/diseases to control its
  numbers and out competes native species

Invasive species
A group of individuals of the same age, from
birth until all are dead
Cohort
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Fixed action pattern

• A ____________________ is a sequence of behaviors
  that are essentially unchangeable and usually
  conducted to completion once started

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innate

• An ________ behavior is inherited or
  developmentally fixed

A male stickleback fish that exhibits aggressive
behavior when it sees any object with a red
underside is an exampleof a ____________________
Fixed action pattern
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Learned

• _________ behaviors develop during animals
  lifetime and are modified by experience

The releaser that triggers a fixed action
pattern is called a _____________________
sign stimulus
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Explain each type of survivorship curve.
Type I Newborns survive sharp curve where older
generation starts dying Type II Constant death
rate Type III Juvenile offspring perish quickly
but curve levels off as these offspring survive
to old age
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A change in the rate of movement in response to
a stimulus is called _____________
kinesis
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• chemical signal that stimulates a response from
  other individuals
• _________________ is the rate at which plants and
  other photosynthetic organisms produce organic
  compounds in an ecosystem

pheromones
Primary productivity
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• Compare and contrast macroclimate and
  microclimate.
• _________________ is the rate at which plants and
  other photosynthetic organisms produce organic
  compounds in an ecosystem

Macroclimate consists of patterns on the global,
regional, and local level Microclimate consists
of very fine patterns, such as those encountered
by the community of organisms underneath a fallen
log
Primary productivity
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• What determines the seasons?
• List abiotic factors that affect microclimate.

The tilt of Earth on its axis
Casting shade Affecting evaporation from
soil Changing wind patterns
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• Whats the difference between innate and learned
  behavior?
• List examples of FAPs that we discussed.

innate inherited or developmentally fixed
learned develop during animals lifetime
Birds pecking at red spot to make mother
regurgitate Mating dance Baby grasping
reflex Yawning Stickleback fish Goose rolling
egg
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• _____________ questions focus on environmental
  stimuli that trigger a behavior, as well as the
  genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms
  underlying a behavioral act
• _____________ questions address the evolutionary
  significance of a behavior
• .

Proximate
Ultimate
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Operant

• _________ conditioning trial-and-error learning

______________ conditioning connect reflex
behavior to associated stimulus
Classical
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• Loss of response to a stimulus cry-wolf
• Social ranking within a group pecking order

Habituation
Dominance hierarchy
Threatening and submissive rituals that are
usually symbolic, with no harm done
Agnostic behavior
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• Reduces individual fitness but increases fitness
  of recipient selflessness behavior

Altruistic behavior
___________________is the study of populations in
relation to environment, including environmental
influences on density and distribution, age
structure, and population size
Population ecology
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Density

• __________ is the number of individuals per unit
  area or volume

_____________ is the pattern of spacing among
individuals within the boundaries of the
population
Dispersion
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Which of the populations shown above will
experience population decline?
The last pyramid
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The type of dispersion pictured at left is
_________. ______________ is the study of the
vital statistics of a population and how they
change over time
uniform
Demography
Ammonifying
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• What three basic variables affect life histories?
• When do you see zero population growth?

When reproduction begins How often the organism
reproduces How many offspring are produced
When birth and death rates are equal
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• If a population of 100 individuals and a
  population of 10,000 individuals have the same
  per capita growth rate, which one will experience
  more births?
• ____________________is the maximum population
  size the environment can support

The larger population
Carrying capacity
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• ________________, or density-dependent selection,
  selects for life history traits that are
  sensitive to population density
• ________________, or density-independent
  selection, selects for life history traits that
  maximize reproduction

K-selection
R-selection
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• List some factors that affect density-dependent
  population regulation.

Competition for resources Territoriality Health Pr
edation Toxic wastes Intrinsic factors
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• ________________are groups of populations linked
  by immigration and emigration
• Explain how boom-and-bust cycles of population
  cycling works.

Metapopulations
Population numbers go in cyclesthey increase for
several years and drop suddenly over and over
again in a predictable pattern
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Which of the populations shown above will
experience rapid growth?
The first pyramid
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What relationship is it? Species compete for a
resource in short supply
___________________ Refers to interaction
where one species kills and eats the
other _____________________ An interaction
in which an herbivore eats parts of a
plant or alga ____________________
_ One organism, derives nourishment from
another organism, which is harmed in the process
______________________ A
n interspecific interaction that benefits both
species
_____________________
Competition
Predation
Herbivory
Parasitism
Mutualism
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• ________________ is the total number of different
  species in the community
• __________________is the proportion each species
  represents of the total individuals in the
  community

Species richness
Relative abundance
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• In a food web, where do the arrows point?
• How many links are typically found in a food web?
  Why?

To where the energy is moving
Five or less since only 10 of all energy in a
community is past to the next trophic level, the
community cant support large amounts of big
predators. There simply isnt enough energy.
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• List the two hypotheses related to food chain
  length and describe what each states. Which one
  is most supported by evidence?

The energetic hypothesis suggests that length is
limited by inefficient energy transfer. The
dynamic stability hypothesis proposes that long
food chains are less stable than short ones Most
data supports the energetic hypothesis.