OGT%20PREP

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OGT PREP

• Life Science

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Benchmark A for Life Science

• Explain that cells are the basic unit of
  structure and function of living organisms, that
  once life originated all cells come from
  pre-existing cells, and that there are a variety
  of cell types.

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Indicators for Benchmark A

• 1. Explain that living cells
• a. are composed of a small number of key
  chemical
• elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
  nitrogen,
• phosphorus and sulfur)
• b. are the basic unit of structure and function
  of all living things
• c. come from pre-existing cells after life
  originated, and
• d. are different from viruses
• 2. Compare the structure, function and
  interrelatedness of cell organelles in eukaryotic
  cells (e.g., nucleus, chromosome, mitochondria,
  cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cilia,
  flagella) and prokaryotic cells.

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Cell Theory

• Indicator 1, Benchmark A

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Sample Question

• The cell theory is important to biology as the
  atomic theory is to chemistry. It was originally
  proposed in 1838 by Schleiden and Schwanand has
  developed through the years by many scientists
  through refinement by observation.

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Sample Question

• Which of the following is not one of the modern
  tenets of the cell theory?
• a. the cell is the structural and functional
  unit of all living things.
• b. all cells come from pre-existing cells.
• c. all energy flow of life occurs within cells.
• d. all cells contain the same organelles.

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is D. all cells contain the
  same organelles.
• Remember, not all cells contain the same
  organelles. Some cells are specialized, for
  example the blood cells do not have a nucleus.

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Structure

• Indicator 2, Benchmark A

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Sample Question

• A basic organizing definition of life is the type
  of cells which compose the organism. The two
  main types of cells are the eukaryotic and
  prokaryotic cells. What is the essential
  difference between them?
• a. One has ribosome's and the other does not.
• b. One has a nucleus and the other does not.
• c. One carries out photosynthesis and the other
  does not.
• d. One has a cell wall and the other does not.

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is B. One has a nucleus and
  the other does not.
• Remember, whether or not the cell contains a
  nucleus is the essential difference between the
  two types of cell.

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Benchmark B for Life Science

• Explain the characteristics of life as indicated
  by cellular processes and describe the process of
  cell division and development.

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Indicators for Benchmark B

• 3. Explain the characteristics of life as
  indicated by cellular processes including
• a. homeostasis
• b. energy transfers and transformation
• c. transportation of molecules
• d. disposal of wastes
• e. synthesis of new molecules
• 4. Summarize the general processes of cell
  division and differentiation, and explain why
  specialized cells are useful to organisms and
  explain that complex multicellular organisms are
  formed as highly organized arrangements of
  differentiated cells.

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Characteristics of Life

• Indicator 3, Benchmark B

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Sample Questions

• An essential distinction made in biology is the
  difference between living and non-living things
  as they are generally accepted in biological
  sciences.
• Extended Response (4 points)

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Sample Questions

• This answer must contain most of the
  characteristics of life.
• Composed of Cells
• Carry out Metabolism
• Maintain Homeostasis
• Grow
• React of Stimuli
• Reproduce
• Evolve

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Cell Division

• Indicator 4 (part), benchmark B

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Sample Question

• The cell cycle describes the reproduction of
  cells. The process of mitotic cell division as
  shown in the drawing below generally occurs in
  which order?
• a. Metaphase, Telophase, Interphase, Prophase,
  Cytokinesis, Anaphase, Metaphase
• b. Interphase, Telophase, metaphase, anaphase,
  interphase
• c. prophase, interphase, metaphase, telophase,
  cytokinesis
• d. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
  telophase, cytokinesis, interphase

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is D. Interphase, Prophase,
  Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis,
  Interphase
• Remember, during cell division you will always
  start and end with Interphase, which is the time
  between cell division.

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Differentiation

• Indicator 4 (part), benchmark B

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Sample Question

• The great variety of organisms is possible due
  to_________.
• a. cell differentiation
• b. cell specialization
• c. Mitosis
• d. None of the above

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is B. Cell specialization.
• Remember, cell specialization enables
  multicellular organisms to adapt and survive in a
  variety of environments.

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Benchmark C for Life Science

• Explain the genetic mechanisms and molecular
  basis of inheritance.

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Indicators for Benchmark C

• 5. Illustrate the relationship of the structure
  and function of DNA to protein synthesis and the
  characteristics of an organism.
• 6. Explain that a unit of hereditary information
  is called a gene, and genes may occur in
  different forms called alleles (e.g., gene for
  pea plant height has two alleles, tall and short).

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Indicators for Benchmark C

• 7. Describe that spontaneous changes in DNA are
  mutations, which are a source of genetic
  variation. When mutations occur in sex cells,
  they may be passed on to future generations
  mutations that occur in body cells may affect the
  functioning of that cell or the organism in which
  that cell is found.
• 8. Use the concepts of Mendelian and
  non-Mendelian genetics (e.g., segregation,
  independent assortment, dominant and recessive
  traits, sex-linked traits and jumping genes) to
  explain inheritance.

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Protein Synthesis

• Indicator 5, Benchmark C

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Sample Question

• The genetic code inside the nucleus of a cell is
  important in cell reproduction and the production
  of proteins by the cell. Protein synthesis
  occurs outside the nucleus at the ribosome's.
  How does the genetic code for a protein get from
  the nucleus to the ribosome?
• Short Answer (2 points)

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Sample Question

• mRNA codes the DNA strand inside the nucleus and
  then travels out to the cytoplasm to the
  ribosome. The mRNA carries the code for
  individual proteins.
• Example, GCU codes for alanine

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Genes

• Indicator 6, Benchmark C

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Sample Question

• The basic unit of inheritance is held in the
  sequence of base pairs in a DNA molecule in a
  cell. A unit of information in this system is
  called___________.
• a. DNA
• b. a chromosome
• c. an allele
• d. a gene

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is D. gene.
• Remember, the gene is the basic unit of heredity
  and can exist in one of several alleles. Base
  pairs form the 3 letter words which are used to
  code for specific proteins.

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Mutations

• Indicator 7, benchmark C

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Sample Question

• The environment has an impact on the inheritance
  of characteristics from parent to offspring.
  Three students made statements in a class debate
  about this topic
• Student A Poisonous chemicals can cause
  mutations in genetic structure and these
  frequently cause evolutionary changes in species.
• Student B Radiation from the sun and other
  extraterrestrial sources can cause mutations in
  skin cells which can be passed on to their
  offspring.
• Student C Mutations can occur from many sources
  but they are usually repaired by the cell or
  result in fatal problems with the offspring.

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Sample Question

• Who has correctly stated the situation?
• a. Student A only
• b. Student B only
• c. Student C only
• d. Students A and C

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is C. Student C.
• Remember, most mutations are usually repaired or
  are lethal. Mutations can only be passed on to
  offspring if they are in the sex cells.

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Genetics

• Indicator 8, benchmark C

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Sample Question

• A male and female pea plant are crossed. The
  phenotypes of the offspring are 75 tall plants
  and 25 short. Draw a Punnett Square that
  demonstrates the genotypes of the parents and the
  offspring.
• Short Answer (2 points)

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Sample Question

• Be careful and make sure that you answer the
  question being asked.
• They want you to draw a punnett square of the
  parental generation by using the known phenotypes
  of the offspring given in the question.
• So your genotypes will be TT, Tt, and tt

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Sample Questions

• So the only way you could end up with 75 of the
  plants tall and 25 of the plants short, is if
  both parents were heterozygous tall (Tt).

t
T
T
TT Tt
Tt tt
t
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Benchmark D for Life Science

• Explain the flow of energy and the cycling of
  matter through biological and ecological systems
  (cellular, organismal and ecological).

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Indicators for Benchmark D

• 9. Describe how matter cycles and energy flows
  through different levels of organization in
  living systems and between living systems and the
  physical environment. Explain how some energy is
  stored and much is dissipated into the
  environment as thermal energy (e.g., food webs
  and energy pyramids).

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Indicators for Benchmark D

• 10. Describe how cells and organisms acquire and
  release energy (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis,
  cellular respiration and fermentation).
• 11. Explain that living organisms use matter and
  energy to synthesize a variety of organic
  molecules (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
  and nucleic acids) and to drive life processes
  (e.g., growth, reacting to the environment,
  reproduction and movement).

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Ecosystem Cycles

• Indicator 9, benchmark D

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Sample Questions

• The movement of molecules (energy) through a food
  web is a cycle. When is the cycle complete.
  Describe what happens once the cycle is complete.
• Short Answer (2 points)

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Sample Questions

• First the answer must state that a cycle is
  completed when decomposers of the cycle return
  the molecules back to the environment.
• Second, once the molecules are returned to the
  environment they can be used again by producers,
  which begins a new cycle.

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Acquirement and Release of Energy

• Indicator 10, benchmark D

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Sample Questions

• It can be said that humans and animals are solar
  powered. How can this statement be justified?
• Short Answer (2 points)

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Sample Question

• The answer must state something about how the
  energy that animals use is stored in the foods
  they eat as sugars. These sugars are produced by
  plants during photosynthesis which is powered by
  the sun. Animals release the energy through the
  process of cellular respiration.

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Synthesis

• Indicator 11, benchmark D

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Sample Questions

• In order to make a copy of itself, in the process
  of mitosis, a cell must use raw materials and
  energy found in the cell and synthesize many
  different kinds of biological molecules. These
  synthesis processes require energy that is found
  stored in the cell as________.
• a. ATP
• b. chlorophyll
• c. proteins
• d. sugars

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Sample Questions

• The correct answer is A. ATP
• Remember, ATP, or Adenosine Tri Phosphate, is the
  ENERGY molecule, which is made by the
  MITOCHONDRIA of the cell.

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Benchmark E for Life Science

• Explain how evolutionary relationships contribute
  to an understanding of the unity and diversity of
  life.

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Indicators for Benchmark E

• 12. Describe that biological classification
  represents how organisms are related with species
  being the most fundamental unit of the
  classification system. Relate how biologists
  arrange organisms into a hierarchy of groups and
  subgroups based on similarities and differences
  that reflect their evolutionary relationships.

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Indicators for Benchmark E

• 13. Explain that the variation of organisms
  within a species increases the likelihood that at
  least some members of a species will survive
  under gradually changing environmental
  conditions.
• 14. Relate diversity and adaptation to structures
  and their functions in living organisms (e.g.,
  adaptive radiation).

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Classification

• Indicator 12, benchmark E

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Sample Question

• According to biologist Ernst Mayr in 1996,
  Species are groups of interbreeding natural
  populations that are reproductively isolated from
  other such groups. The arrangement of these
  groups for our understanding is known as
  taxonomy. It helps us describe the
  interrelatedness of different species.

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Sample Question

• In this process, which of the following would be
  most useful?
• a. watching the feeding habits of similar
  organisms.
• b. studying the skeletal structure of different
  organisms
• c. studying the environments in which different
  organisms are found
• d. performing a DNA analysis of different
  organisms

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is D. Performing a DNA
  analysis of different organisms.
• Remember, modern taxonomy constructs cladograms,
  which are ancestry diagrams, based on
  similarities in the genetic make up.

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Diversity

• Indicator 13, benchmark E

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Sample Question

• Life on Earth is difficult since the environment
  is constantly changing. In order to survive,
  organisms have evolved adaptations which increase
  the likelihood that at least some of the
  population will survive under changing
  environmental conditions.

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Sample Question

• Which of the following represents this kind of
  adaptation?
• a. keeping vestigial appendages which may some
  day be useful.
• b. sexual reproduction, which provides for
  variation within the population.
• c. the ability to quickly clone the entire
  population to make more individuals
• d. strength and mobility to quickly leave an
  area that is environmentally challenging.

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is B. Sexual reproduction,
  which provides for variation within the
  population.
• Remember, Sexual reproduction provides a varied
  population in which at least a few members of the
  population are likely to survive because of
  characteristics they possess that are different
  from other members of the population.

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Biodiversity

• Indicator 14, benchmark E

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Sample Question

• A shark and a dolphin both live in the same
  aquatic ecosystem, and both have similar
  adaptations to their environment for example,
  they both have fins. This is known as_________.
• a. natural selection
• b. adaptive radiation
• c. convergent evolution
• d. artificial selection

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is C. Convergent Evolution.
• Remember, different species may converge as they
  adapt to similar environments.

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Benchmark F for Life Science

• Explain the structure and function of ecosystems
  and relate how ecosystems change over time.

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Indicators for Benchmark F

• 15. Explain how living things interact with
  biotic and abiotic components of the environment
  (e.g., predation, competition, natural disasters
  and weather).
• 16. Relate how distribution and abundance of
  organisms and populations in ecosystems are
  limited by the ability of the ecosystem to
  recycle materials and the availability of matter,
  space and energy.

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Indicators for Benchmark F

• 17. Conclude that ecosystems tend to have cyclic
  fluctuations around a state of approximate
  equilibrium that can change when climate changes,
  when one or more new species appear as a result
  of immigration or when one or more species
  disappear.

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Organisms and Environment

• Indicator 15, benchmark F

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Sample Question

• In order to survive and place progeny in their
  environment, organisms must be adapted in ways
  that help them survive changing environmental
  conditions. Which of the following strategies
  would be the least adaptive to drought
  conditions?
• a. the ability to go into a state of torpor
• b. migration to other areas
• c. shedding fur
• d. the ability to find plants that store water

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is C. Shedding fur.
• Remember, Shedding fur would be the least likely
  to be adaptive for a drought because it only
  allows for the control of heat in the organism.

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Populations

• Indicator 16, benchmark F

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Sample Question

• The distribution and abundance of organisms in an
  ecosystem is related to the abundance of
  materials found in that environment. Give an
  example of a limiting factor in the environment
  and its impact on the organisms found there.
• Extended Response (4 points)

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Sample Question

• A correct answer will specifically identify a
  limiting factor and give examples of how it
  impacts the ecosystem.
• Example, Water as the limiting factor, thus a
  decline in organisms.

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Genetic Equilibrium

• Indicator 17, benchmark F

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Sample Question

• It has recently been observed that the size of
  the polar ice cap is decreasing over time. This
  is critical to the ability of polar bears to move
  around in their environment and feed. Which is
  least likely to happen over time in this
  situation?
• a. Polar bears will learn to hunt while
  swimming.
• b. Polar bears will die off.
• c. The seal population will go up.
• d. The shark population will increase.

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is A. Polar bears will learn
  to hunt while swimming.
• Remember, It is unlikely that a species can
  survive based on the ability of an individual to
  adapt to quickly changing conditions.

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Benchmark G for Life Science

• Describe how human activities can impact the
  status of natural systems.

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Indicators for Benchmark G

• 18. Describe ways that human activities can
  deliberately or inadvertently alter the
  equilibrium in ecosystems. Explain how changes in
  technology/biotechnology can cause significant
  changes, either positive or negative, in
  environmental quality and carrying capacity.
• 19. Illustrate how uses of resources at local,
  state, regional, national, and global levels have
  affected the quality of life (e.g., energy
  production and sustainable vs. no sustainable
  agriculture).

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Human Interaction

• Indicator 18, benchmark G

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Sample Question

• As European civilization spread across the globe,
  ecosystems were inadvertently altered. Which of
  the following impacts is a likely reversible
  human impact?
• a. the complete harvesting of the Dodo on the
  island of Mauritius by hunters in the 1600s
• b. the disappearance of some marsupials in
  Australia because of the introduction of rabbits
• c. the threatening of the Kirlands warbler
  because of fire suppression in their breeding
  territory.
• d. the extinction of the Poouli, a small
  Hawaiian honeycreeper because of tree cutting
  and cats.

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is C. The threatening of the
  Kirlands Warbler because of fire suppression in
  their breeding territory.
• Remember, Extinction is forever. Threatening
  extinction can still be reversed if the proper
  measures are taken.

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Conservation

• Indicator 19, benchmark G

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Sample Question

• The quality of life in the southern United States
  was significantly altered by Hurricane Katrina in
  2005. which human activity is likely not related
  to the enormous devastation experienced as a
  result of this storm?
• a. increased shrimp fishing in the Gulf of
  Mexico
• b. draining of swamp land for development in the
  Mississippi Delta area
• c. the channeling of rivers and streams and
  building of dikes
• d. increased erosion of barrier islands caused
  by changing the flow of water in the Delta

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is A. Increased shrimp fishing
  in the Gulf of Mexico.
• Remember, shrimp fishing does impact the
  environment, but is not likely related to the
  destruction of Katrina.

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Benchmark H for Life Science

• Describe a foundation of biological evolution as
  the change in gene frequency of a population over
  time. Explain the historical and current
  scientific developments, mechanisms and processes
  of biological evolution. Describe how scientists
  continue to investigate and critically analyze
  aspects of evolutionary theory. (The intent of
  this benchmark does not mandate the teaching or
  testing of intelligent design.)

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Indicators for Benchmark H

• 20. Recognize that a change in gene frequency
  (genetic composition) in a population over time
  is a foundation of biological evolution.

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Indicators for Benchmark H

• 21. Explain that natural selection provides the
  following mechanism for evolution undirected
  variation in inherited characteristics exist
  within every species. These characteristics may
  give individuals an advantage or disadvantage
  compared to others in surviving and reproducing.
  The advantaged offspring are more likely to
  survive and reproduce. Therefore, the proportion
  of individuals that have advantageous
  characteristics will increase. When an
  environment changes, the survival value of some
  inherited characteristics may change.

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Indicators for Benchmark H

• 22. Describe historical scientific developments
  that occurred in evolutionary thought (e.g.,
  Lamarck and Darwin, Mendelian Genetics and modern
  synthesis).
• 23. Describe how scientists continue to
  investigate and critically analyze aspects of
  evolutionary theory. (The intent of this
  indicator does not mandate the teaching or
  testing of intelligent design.)

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Mutation

• Indicator 20, benchmark H

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Sample Question

• Biological evolution is a central concept of our
  understanding the biological world. Which of the
  following is not a key condition for evolution to
  occur?
• a. Genetic variation is present in the
  population.
• b. There are more offspring produced than can
  survive.
• c. Extinction of other species leaving empty
  niches.
• d. There is environmental pressure to rely on
  inherited adaptations to survive.

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Sample Question

• The correct answer is C. Extinction of other
  species leaving empty niches.
• Remember, this only results in the movement of
  current species into the new available niches.
  This does not have to occur for evolution to take
  place.

92
Natural selection

• Indicator 21, benchmark H

93
Sample Question

• What is the impact of changes in the environment
  on the survival of the species?
• a. Individuals must spontaneously adapt to
  changing conditions.
• b. the survival value of some inherited
  characteristics changes.
• c. Fewer offspring will be born.
• d. Sudden extinction is likely for many species

94
Sample Question

• The correct answer is B. The survival value of
  some inherited characteristic changes.
• Remember, genetic variation in a population will
  provide selective advantage in survival and
  reproduction.

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Darwin

• Indicator 22, benchmark H

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Sample Question

• Current evolutionary thought is an accumulation
  of observations and experiments over many years.
  Provide one example of a significant contribution
  to the field of evolutionary thought since the
  publication of Darwins Origin of the Species.
• Short Answer (2 points)

97
Sample Question

• The question wants a significant contribution.
• Examples
• Mendel and the inheritance of genes
• Watson and Crick and the DNA helix
• Redi and flies came from flies

98
Evolution

• Indicator 23, benchmark H

99
Sample Question

• Peter and Rosemary Grant spent years observing,
  tagging, and measuring Galapagos finches and
  their environment. During that time they
  documented environmental changes and how these
  changes favored certain individuals within the
  population. Those individuals survived and
  passed their characteristics on to the next
  generation, illustrating natural selection in
  action. What are characteristics of research
  that lead to significant findings?
• Extended Response (4 points)

100
Sample Question

• In order to be considered significant it must
  meet several conditions. The answer should
  contain several of the following
• Research method is strictly adhered to
• Measurements are precise
• Conditions are carefully recorded or controlled
• Findings can be repeated
• Research of others is carefully considered

101
Benchmark I for Life Science

• Explain how natural selection and other
  evolutionary mechanisms account for the unity and
  diversity of past and present life forms.

102
Indicators for Benchmark I

• 24. Analyze how natural selection and other
  evolutionary mechanisms (e.g. genetic drift,
  immigration, emigration, mutation) and their
  consequences provide a scientific explanation for
  the diversity and unity of past life forms, as
  depicted in the fossil record, and present life
  forms.

103
Indicators for Benchmark I

• 25. Explain that life on Earth is thought to have
  begun as simple, one celled organisms
  approximately 4 billion years ago. During most of
  the history of Earth only single celled
  microorganisms existed, but once cells with
  nuclei developed about a billion years ago,
  increasingly complex multicellular organisms
  evolved.

104
Diversity

• Indicator 24, benchmark I

105
Sample Questions

• The process of natural selection combined with
  other ecological and evolutionary concepts have
  been suggested as an explanation for the
  diversity of past life forms as depicted in the
  fossil record. Still, the fossil record is not
  complete. Which of the following is a reason for
  this lack of completeness in the fossil record.
• a. a life form has to be buried in sediment to
  become fossilized, which is not common.
• b. Fossils are just hard to find.
• c. Scientists have to make assumptions from very
  small samples.
• d. Since all organisms are preserved, there are
  no missing fossils in the rock record.

106
Sample Questions

• The correct answer is A. a life form has to be
  buried in sediment to become fossilized, which is
  not common.
• Remember, not all organisms have been fossilized.
  In order to become a fossil it has to be buried
  in sediment.

107
First Life Forms

• Indicator 25, benchmark I

108
Sample Question

• Approximately 4 billion years ago, the first life
  forms are thought to have originated in the
  oceans under very special conditions of chemistry
  and environment. For billions of years after,
  only single-celled organisms existed. Which of
  the following evolved that stimulated the
  development of increasingly complex multicellular
  life forms?
• a. a cell wall
• b. chloroplasts
• c. mitochondria
• d. a nucleus

109
Sample Question

• The correct answer is D. a nucleus.
• Remember, the development of the nucleus appears
  to have stimulated multicellular life.