WORLD%20WAR%20I%20%20

1
WORLD WAR I The Great War

• 1914 - 1919

2
Section 1Marching Towards War

3
The Causes of WWI

• Nationalism
• Deep devotion to ones country
• Militarism
• Glorification of military power
• Keeping a standing army always ready for war
• Imperialism
• A strong nation seeks to dominate other countries

4
The Pursuit of Peace

• By 1914 Europe had enjoyed a century of relative
  peace
• The support of Pacifism opposition to all war
• 1899 the first Universal Peace Conference
• Hague Tribunal World Court to settle disputes
  between nations

5
Aggressive Nationalism

• One of the forces pushing Europe to the Brink
• Especially strong in France Germany

6
Nationalism in France

• Longed to regain its position as Europes leading
  power
• Very bitter about their defeat in the
  Franco-Prussian War
• Angry about German occupation of Lorraine and
  Alsace

7
Alsace and Lorraine
8
Tangled Alliances

• Bismark uses war to mobilize Germany
• Bismarks first goal was to isolate France
  (France still bitter about Franco-Prussian War)
• Formed Alliances with Austria-Hungary, Italy and
  Russia
• Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Bismark to resign
• Wilhelm wanted to show how powerful Germany was
• Wilhelm lets his nations treaty with Russia
  lapse in 1890
• Russia now forms a defensive alliance against
  Germany with France

9
A Tangle of AlliancesTwo huge alliances emerge
as a result of treaties by 1914

• The Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
• Germany
• Austria Hungary
• Italy

• The Triple Entente
• (Allied Powers)
• France
• Britain
• Russia

10
(No Transcript)
11
Rivalries Among European Powers

• Economic Rivalries
• Britain is threatened by Germanys rapid economic
  growth

• Imperialism Causes Rivalries
• France and Germany compete for colonies i.e.
  Morocco

12
Militarism and the Arms Race
13
Militarism and the Arms Race

• Militarism is the glorification of the military
• The Great Powers expanded their armies and
  navies
• Fierce competition in the arms race
• Military leaders became important figures

14
Assassination at Sarajevo

• Background Info
• Austria-Hungary annexes territory(fearful of
  Slavic rebellion)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908)
• Bosnia was home to many Serbians
• Serbians were furious at the takeover
• In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (A-H) announced
  he would visit Sarajevo the capital of Bosnia
• News of the visit angered many Serbians
• Unity of Death/Black Hand (Serbian terrorists)
  vowed to take action

15
The Assassination of the Archduke
16
The Fatal Shots

• The archduke and his wife rode through Sarajevo
  in a open car
• First attempt bomb hurled at car was
  unsuccessful
• Ferdinand was killed by Gavrilo Princip after
  visiting a wounded soldier later that day

17
A Harsh Ultimatum

• Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum - a final set
  of demands
• End all anti-Austrian agitation
• Punish any Serbian official involved in the
  assassination
• Austria must join the investigation
• Serbia only partly agreed July 28th 1914
  Austria declared war on Serbia

18
Section 2Europe Plunges into War

• The great European disaster is well on its way.
  If so many seeds have been sown, surely the weeds
  will sprout up soon and surely so much stock
  piled gunpowder will explode.
• Peace Bertha
• April 1913

19
From Capital to Capital

• Kaiser William II (Germany) promises support to
  Austria
• Nicolas II (Russia) supports Serbia
• France pledges allegiance to Russia b/c of
  Franco-Prussian War
• Germany declares war of France

20
How the Dominoes Fell
1. Austria declares war on Serbia
2. Germany supports Austria
3. Russia supports Serbia
4. France aligns with Russia
5. Germany then declares war on France
21
(No Transcript)
22
Problem of the Two-Front War

• German officials did not want to fight a two
  front war
• Eastern Front vs. Russia
• Western Front vs. France
• What to do??

23
The Schlieffen Plan

1. Germany would have to defeat France quickly then
   fight Russia
2. Germany would have to march through Belgium
   8/3/1914
3. This causes Britain to declare war on Germany
4. Germanys defeat at the Battle of the Marne
   destroyed the Plan

24
(No Transcript)
25
Section 3 A Global Conflict

• Key Information
• Newspapers began to call it The Great War
• 8.5 million French troops
• 9 million British troops
• 12 million Russian troops
• 11 million German troops

26
WWI Strategy Total War

• What is it?
• The channeling of a nations entire resources
  into a war effort
• How does a government achieve total war?
• Institution of conscription the draft
• Governments raised taxes and borrowed money
• Governments rationed food, gasoline, other
  materials
• Civilians and soldiers can be considered to be
  part of the war effort

27
WWI Strategy Trench Warfare

• Warring armies burrowed into a vast system of
  trenches
• Rats, lice and heat became major problems
• Over the top orders were given and soldiers
  would leave their trenches and rush toward enemy
  lines

28
In the Trenches
29
In the Trenches
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
Trench Foot Info..

• Many soldiers fighting in WWI suffered from
  trench foot
• This was an infection of the feet caused by cold,
  wet and unsanitary conditions.
• If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous
  and result in amputation.
• 20,000 men in the British Army were treated for
  trench foot in one year!!

34
Trench Foot
35
Trench Foot Info..

• The only remedy for trench foot was for the
  soldiers to dry their feet and change their socks
  several times a day.
• British soldiers were under orders to change
  their socks at least twice a day

36
Technology in Modern Warfare

• World War I was very devastating due to new
  technology
• Poison gas
• The Airplane
• Machine Gun
• Submarines
• Zeppelins
• Tanks

37
Poison Gas
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN RACEFrom ape to ape
38
Poison Gas
"Our men were swallowed up by the mysterious
cloud. At the same time, I felt its effect on my
breathing. It burned in my throat. I felt a pain
in my chest and could barely breathe any longer.
I spit up blood and became dizzy. I thought I was
lost."
39
The Airplane

• Airplanes were primitive
• Had only 1- 2 seats
• With machine gun
• Mostly used for reconnaissance
• Dog Fights
• Air combat between planes

40
Automatic Machine Gun

• Usually 2-man teams
• Provided a continuous stream of bullets
• This weapon was the main reason for the war
  settling into a STALEMATE

41
Submarine

• German U-Boats
• To sink merchant ships
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Made the oceans unsafe for all
• Allied response convoys
• Small groups of merchant ships protected by
  warships

42
Zeppelins

• Gas filled balloons used by the Germans to bomb
  the English coast
• They were able to carry a much heavier load than
  airplanes

43
The Tank

• Developed to end Trench Warfare
• Used a mounted machine gun
• Ran by a 8 man crew

44
A Global ConflictA War Fought on Many Fronts

• Oceans
• Unrestricted submarine warfare
• Europe
• Eastern and Southern Europe
• Australia
• Australia and New Zealand
• Asia
• China, India, and Turkey
• Colonies began to join the war
• Africa
• Colonies began to join the war

45
A Global War
Map of the World showing the Participants in
World War I  Green Allies (some entered the war
or dropped out later) Orange Central
Powers Grey Neutral Countries
46
Major Conflicts of the War
47
Battle of Somme River

• Britain vs. Germany
• 5 month battle
• 60,000 British casualties in one day
• 1,000,000 dead by the end of the battle

48
Battle of Verdun

• France vs. Germany
• 11 month battle
• 400,000 casualties on both sides
• Battlefield with the highest density of dead per
  square yard

49
The Gallipoli Campaign
50
Aim of the Gallipoli Campaign

• Attack and defeat the Ottoman Empire via the
  Dardanelles
• Establish a supply line to Russia.

51
The Gallipoli Campaign

• Effort to take the region took place in 1915.
• Allies including Australia, New Zealand (ANZAC),
  British, and French forces battled Turkish troops
• Another bloody stalemate- 250,000 casualties on
  Allied side

52
Propaganda War

• Aim was to keep complete casualty figures and
  other discouraging information from the people
• Propaganda spreading of ideas to promote a
  cause or to damage an opposing cause

53
Propaganda Examples

54
Anti-German Propaganda
55
Rationing Propaganda
56
War-Bond Propaganda
(World War II)
57
Propaganda for Women
58
Enlistment Propaganda
59
USA Political Cartoon

60
Impact on Women

• Women took over jobs
• Manufactured weapons and supplies
• Nurses worked on the front lines
• Helped womens rights

61
Collapsing Morale

• By 1917 over 5.5 million Russian troops had been
  killed, injured or taken prisoner
• Revolution in Russia 1917 ended Russias
  involvement in the war
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Allowed Germany to concentrate on the western
  front
• This opened the door for.

62
The U.S. Declares War!!!!

• Why?
• 1. German sub attacks on ships carrying U.S.
  citizens
• 2. May 1915 sinking of the Lusitania
• 3. Cultural ties to allied forces
• 4. The Zimmerman Note (1917)

63
(No Transcript)
64
The Zimmerman Note
65
Declaring War

• 1917 President Wilson asks Congress to declare
  war
• To make the world safe for Democracy
• 1918 2 million fresh U.S. Troops joined the
  Allied Forces

66
Campaign to Victory

• Early 1918 Allies pushed the Germans back across
  France and Belgium
• Uprising among hungry city dwellers erupted in
  Germany
• Wilhelm II steps down 11/1918
• New German government sought an armistice
  agreement to end war
• 1100 am November 11th 1918

67
Section 4A Flawed Peace

• 8.5 Million Deaths
• Double that amount were wounded
• Flu Pandemic spread across the globe
• Flu killed 20 million people

68
Financial Losses

• Homes, farms, factories and churches destroyed
• Allies felt Central Powers should make
  reparations or payments for war damage
• Total cost is estimated at 338 billion

69
The Paris Peace Conference

• The Big Four
• Woodrow Wilson-USA
• Georges Clemenceau-France
• David Lloyd George-England
• Vittorio Orlando-Italy

70
The Paris Peace Conference

• Allied leaders had different ideas
• Wilsons 14 Points
• 1. Freedom of the Seas
• 2. End of secret treaties
• 3. Weapons Limitations
• 4. End of tariffs and other economic barriers
• 5. Self-determination
• 6. League of Nations

71
The Treaty of Versailles

• June 1919 outside Paris
• Forced Germany to accept full blame for the war
  (War Guilt Clause)
• 30 billion in reparations
• Returned Alsace Lorraine to France
• Removed territory from western eastern Germany
• Stripped Germanys overseas colonies
• Germanys military severely reduced
• Germany signed reluctantly

72
The Treaty of Versailles

• Problems with the Treaty
• African and Asian territories were not granted
  independence
• Italy and Japan gained less than what they had
  wanted
• War guilt clause left a bitterness in German
  people

73
The New Eastern Europe

• New nations emerged where Ottoman and Austrian
  empires stood
• Austrian Empire
• Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, and Lebanon
• Russia lost land as well
• Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
• Poland established from Russia and Germany

74
Treaty of Versailles

• Main Points of the Treaty
• Establishment of the League of Nations
• Break-up of Empires (Ottoman and A-H)
• Territorial Losses (Germany and Russia)
• Military Restrictions (Germany)
• War Guilt Clause (Germany)

75

The Ottoman Empire After World War I
76
Before WWI
After WWI
77
THE END