World Affairs, 1933-1939

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Chapter 19

• Section 1
• World Affairs, 1933-1939

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New Deal Foreign Policy

• At Inaugural 1933, FDR pledged the US would be a
  good neighbor.
• Pledged to respect the sovereign rights of all
  nations in the Western Hemisphere.

Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Recognition of the Soviet Union

• US refused to recognize Soviet Union.
• Russians encourage communism.
• By 1933, USSR was beset by serious economic
  problems.
• FDR felt a stronger Soviet Union would slow down
  Japanese.
• He also saw the Soviets need for food as a
  market for farmers and manufacturers.

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Aggression and Appeasement

• Americans wanted Isolationism.
• Events throughout the world send off alarms of
  trouble ahead.

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Japanese Expansion in the Pacific

• Japans population doubles between 1872 and 1925
• To ease overcrowding and look for more resources
  and markets, they look at expansion
• After the WWI Japan was bitter toward the West
• Washington Conference of 1921 cost Japan most of
  its gain in China and limited Japans naval
  power.
• In September 1931, Japanese invaded mineral-rich
  Manchuria in China

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Threats from Germany and Italy

• On March 5, 1933, parliament voted Adolf Hitler ,
  the National Socialist leader (Nazis), the power
  he needed to begin a program of conquest in
  central and eastern Europe
• In Italy, dictator Benito Mussolini made similar
  plans to control the Mediterranean and to expand
  Italys empire in Africa.
• Mussolini and Hitler followed a new political
  doctrine known as fascism - a form of government
  in which a dictator and supporters cooperate to
  seek more power for their nation.

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Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini
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Neutrality

• Americans at this time were determined to avoid
  war at all costs
• Congress passed Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936,
  and 1937.
• These laws barred sale/transportation of arms to
  warring nations
• Banned loans to nations at war outside the
  Western Hemisphere
• The president believed that Germany, Italy, and
  Japan were bad neighbors who were bent on war.
• Roosevelt called for the abandonment of
  isolation, but Americans were not ready yet

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Europe at War Again

• Munich Agreement failed to appease Hitler
• British and French leaders signed the Agreement
  believing that Hitlers aggression was subdued.
• Hitler takes Czechoslovakia, threatens Poland
• France GB pledge to defend Poland
• Stalin signs non-aggression pact with Germany

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Outbreak of War

• Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland
• Blitzkrieg lightning war
• Sept. 3, 1939, GB France declare war on Germany
• US remains neutral, but lifts the Neutrality Acts
• US will sell war goods, but cash payment is
  required

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Near Disaster at Dunkirk

• Lull in fighting in winter of 1939
• Hitler invades Norway and Denmark
• Germans sweep through Netherlands and Belgium
• Germans meet first resistance of GB France
• Allies are driven back and defeated at French
  coastal city, Dunkirk

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Evacuation at Dunkirk

• Troops were cut off from retreat by land
• Aided by 600 private boats, 300,000 French and
  British soldiers were evacuated
• Heroic nine-day rescue

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Battle of Britain

• June 1940, Italy invaded France, declared war on
  GB
• June 22, 1940 France surrenders
• GB faces the threat alone

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Germans Bomb Great Britain

• Germans bomb British air fields, factories, and
  cities
• Germans prepare to move their armies across
  English channel
• New Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, provides
  inspiration

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America Abandons Neutrality

• Churchill asks US for 50 destroyers to protect
  against German subs
• FDR provides destroyers through an executive
  order
• GB forces Hitler to abandon invasion plans

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America Realizes Its Peril

• Hitler and Mussolini now seem threatening to most
  Americans
• Billions of dollars are appropriated for defense
  by Congress
• Selective Service Act of 1940 adds 800,000 men to
  armed forces

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America Realizes Its Peril

• FDR elected to third term in 1940
• Lend-Lease Policy allows US to aid GB
• US can sell war goods with promise of return of
  goods or replaced goods
• This authorizes the President to send supplies
  and weapons to other nations

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Battle for the Atlantic

• Germany tries to starve GB into submission
• Lend-lease supplies are attacked
• US is drawn into war to assure protection of
  supplies
• By fall of 1941, US merchant ships and Germans
  are exchanging fire

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Germany Turns on Soviets

• Hitler wants vast wheat and oil of Soviet Union
  in Ukraine
• June 1941, Germany attacks USSR
• Stalin signs alliance with GB
• US offers lend-lease
• Churchill knows US aid to Russia would reduce
  German pressure on GB

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Aggression in the Pacific

• Japan was moving against European colonies in
  Pacific
• Region contained rice, rubber, tin, zinc, and oil
  needed for their industries
• US was last obstacle to fulfill their ambitions

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Aggression in the Pacific

• Sept. 1940 Japan allied with Germans and Italians
  Axis Powers
• US places embargo on Japanese shipments
• US tries to negotiate to stop conquests
• Japan rejects

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Appeal for Peace

• General Hideki Tojo replaces Fumimaro Konoye as
  Prime Minister
• Negotiations take place and deadlock in late Nov.
  1941
• FDR appeals to Emperor Hirohito for peace
• Japanese fleet already headed to Pearl Harbor

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Chapter 19

• Section 3
• The United States at War

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The World at War

• Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• Destroyed/killed
• - 5 battleships
• - 250 airplanes
• - 4,500 people

December 7, 1941, An aerial photograph of the
attack from a Japanese fighter
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Japanese victories in the Pacific

• US threat is now minimized
• 6 months of victory for Japan
• Japan takes
• American bases at Guam and Wake Island
• British colonies at Hong Kong and Singapore
• Thailand Phillipines

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German Success in Europe

• Axis forces occupied nearly all of Europe
• Germans deep into Soviet Union by summer of 42
• Soviets must hold off Germans until British and
  Americans launch western offensive
• US will focus on Germans before Japanese

Germans at Stalingrad
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Turning Point of the War

• Germans pressure Soviets with a 2nd offensive
• Stalin pleaded Allies for help on Western Front
• Sept. 42 Soviets hold off Germans at Stalingrad
• Soviets counter attack in Nov. 42
• Feb. 43, 300,000 Germans surrender

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How did Soviets defeat Germans at Stalingrad?

• Used the winter weather (brutal) to their
  advantage
• Executed a massive Soviet counter attack
• Hitler refused to order a German retreat
• 800,000 Soviets die in Stalingrad this is more
  than US lost in entire war

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German Weak Point Exposed

• American and British forces push German Field
  Marshal Erwin Rommel into Tunisia
• By May, 250,000 German troops surrender Africa
• Aug. 43 Allies take Sicily
• Sept. 43 the Allies invade the Italian mainland

Erwin Rommel
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Victory in Europe

• US and GB begin bombing Germany continuously
• Grounds troops are needed to win

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Normandy Invasion

• June 6, 1944 Allied forces storm the beaches of
  Normandy (France) to overtake Nazi-occupied
  Europe
• 176,000 troops carried in 5000 vessels
• Called D-DAY
• Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower
• By early Aug. 44 General George Patton and his
  forces were racing across N. France
• In Sept. 44 the Allies invade western border of
  Germany

June 6, 1944 D-Day
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Rapid Soviet Advance From the East

• Soviets also advance from the east.
• In Jan. 44, the Red Army freed Leningrad from an
  890-day German siege
• 800,000 residents died in battle.
• Soviets trek across Eastern Europe and take back
  territories the Nazis had occupied

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Germany Surrenders

• Dec. 44, Hitler ordered a counterattack in
  Belgium.
• The Battle of the Bulge was the last German
  offensive.
• In March 1945, the Allies crossed the Rhine River
  and moved into the heart of Germany.
• Meanwhile the Soviets pushed from the east,
  taking Berlin in April 1945.
• On May 7, 1945, German leaders agreed to an
  unconditional surrender after Hitler had
  committed suicide

April 1945
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Crimes Against Humanity

• As Allies enter Germany they discover evidence of
  horrendous acts of humanity
• The Nazi Holocaust the deliberate extermination
  of millions of European Jews and other civilians.
• The Nazis had killed 12 million people
• 6 million were Jews

The death camp at Auschwitz, On the sign it says
Arbeit Macht Frei which means Work means freedom.
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War in the Pacific

• May 1942, American warships defeat a Japanese
  fleet in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
• Japanese fail in June to take Midway Islands

American Fighters in the skies of Midway
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Guadalcanal

• US Marines land in Guadalcanal in August 1942
• Americans took the first step in the long and
  bloody road to Tokyo
• The struggle for Guadalcanal was fought at sea,
  on land, and in the air lasting six months.
• Japanese resistance comes to an end in 1943

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Iwo Jima and Okinawa

• Last of Japans island outposts fall
• Iwo Jima in March 45
• Okinawa in June 45
• US suffers over 20,000 casualties at Iwo Jima
• Summer of 45, Germans defeated, all Allied power
  was turned against Japan.
• The conquest of the Japanese islands was left to
  the US

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The Yalta Conference

• Feb. 45, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met
  for the last time at Yalta, in the Soviet Union.
• Agreed publicly that the US, GB, and the Soviet
  Union, along with France, should occupy Germany
  after the war

Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
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Roosevelts Death

• FDR looks pale and weak upon return from Yalta.
• April 12, 1945, FDR dies at Warm Springs, GA.

Caisson carrying the body of Franklin D.
Roosevelt at his funeral in Hyde Park, New York,
April 15, 1945.
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The United Nations

• Two weeks after Roosevelts death,
  representatives of 50 nations met at San
  Francisco to make plans for a new world
  organization.
• The meeting at San Francisco produced a charter
  for the United Nations and the United States
  became the first nation to join the UN

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Japan refuses to surrender
• US tired of fighting
• Decision made to use the atomic bomb to end
  quickly
• Hiroshima - August 6, 1945
• Destroyed 60 of the city
• Japan still refuses to surrender
• US drops another bomb on the city of Nagasaki 3
  days later
• Final surrender took place on September 2, 1945.

The bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
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