Happy Monday!!!

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Happy Monday!!!

• Take out your vocab so I can come around a check
  it
• Did you know there are 216 noodles in a can of
  Campbells Chicken Noodle Soup

2

• Can you identify these 1920s slang word?
• 1. Applesauce 6. Flat tire
• 2. Big cheese 7. Lounge Lizard
• 3. Bees knees 8. Sheba
• 4. Giggle water 9. Shiek
• 5. Jalopy 10.The Real McCoy

3
Interwar Period

• the Roaring 20s

4
Postwar Trends

• League of Nations left much of America divided
• Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took
  jobs away from women and African-Americans
• Many responded by becoming fearful of outsiders
• Nativism- prejudice against foreign-born people
• Isolationism- policy of pulling away from
  involvement in world affairs

5
Communism

• People feared the spread of communism-economic
  and political system based on a single-party
  government ruled by a dictatorship
• In order to equalize wealth and power, communism
  would put an end to private property,
  substituting govt ownership of factories, RR,
  and other businesses
• The panic in the US began in 1919 after
  revolutionaries in Russia (Bolsheviks) overthrew
  the czarist regime
• A Communist party formed in the US and 70,000
  joined
• Called it the Red Scare

6
Limiting Immigration

• Keep America for Americans became the attitude
  of most Americans
• As a result of the Red Scare and anti-immigrant
  feelings, the KKK rose again
• Devoted to 100 Americanism
• Targeted African-Americans, Roman Catholics, Jews
  and other foreign-born people
• Congress responded to the nativist pressure by
  limiting immigration from certain countries
• The Emergency Quota Act 1921 set up a quota
  system that established a maximum number of
  people who could enter the US from each country
• Law prohibited Japanese immigration

7
Harding struggles for peace

• Problems surfaced regarding arms control, war
  debts and reconstruction of war-torn countries
• 1921, President Warren G. Harding invited several
  nations to the Washington Naval Conference
• Sec. of State urged no more warships be built for
  10 years, suggested that the 5 major powers (US,
  GB, Japan, France and Italy) scrap many of their
  largest warships
• Later in 1928, 15 countries signed the
  Kellog-Briand Pact which denounced war as a
  national policy (unfortunately there was not way
  to enforce)

8
High Tariffs and Reparations

• New issues arose when it was time for GB and
  France to pay back the 10 million they borrowed
  from the US
• They had 2 options(1) selling goods to the US
  (2) collecting reparation from Germany
• 1921, America adopted the Fordney-McCumber Tariff
  which raised taxes on US imports to 60
• Made it impossible for GB and France to sell
  enough goods to pay the debt
• GB and France looked to Germany
• When Germany failed to make the payments, France
  marched in
• US Banker Charles G. Dawes steps in and came up
  with the Dawes Plan- US investors loaned Germ
  2.5 billion to pay back GB and France who would
  then pay back the US

9
Scandal Hits Harding

• Harding cabinet included the Ohio gang, some of
  Hardings poker buddies who soon caused
  embarrassment
• Used their offices to become wealthy through
  graft
• EX head of Vet. Bureau was caught illegally
  selling govt and hospital supplies to private
  companies
• The worst example was the Teapot Dome Scandal
• Govt had set aside oil-rich lands at Teapot
  Dome, WY and Elk Hills, CA for use by the US Navy
• Sec. of Interior got the reserves transferred to
  the Interior Dept. and then leased the land to 2
  private oil companies
• Harding dies of a stroke in 1923 and Calvin
  Coolidge become president (and reelected the next
  year)

10
Industry flourishes

• Calvin Coolidge (R ) was very pro-business
• He and his successor (Herbert Hoover) favored
  govt policies that kept taxes down and business
  profits up
• Goal was the keep govt interference minimal
• High tariffs on imports, wages rose and so did
  productivity

11
Impact of Automobile

• With the automobile came paved roads
• Route 66- from Chicago to California with little
  towns on the way
• New houses had garages or carports and a driveway
• Gas stations, repair shops, motels, tourist camps
  and shopping centers, Traffic signals early
  1920s, Holland Tunnel (1st underwater tunnel) in
  1927
• Liberated rural families to travel into the city
  for shopping and entertainment
• Urban sprawl -cities spreading in all directions
• Became a status symbol

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Airplane Industry

• Began as a mail carrying service for the USPS
• With the development of weather forecasting,
  planes began carrying radios and navigation
  instruments
• 1927 Pan American Airways inaugurated the 1st
  transatlantic passenger flight

14
Electrical convenience

• Gasoline powered much of the economic boom of the
  20s but electricity transformed the nation
• Electricity was no longer restricted to central
  cities but spread to the suburbs
• By the end of the 1920s more and more homes had
  electric irons and wealthier homes had
  refrigerators, cooking ranges and toasters

15
Mass Advertising

• Advertising agencies hired psychologists to study
  how to appeal to peoples desire for
  youthfulness, beauty, health and wealth
• Brand names became familiar and luxury items soon
  became necessities
• Mouthwash was a big example

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Superficial Prosperity

• During the 20s most Americans believed
  prosperity would go on forever
• Industries provided another solution to the
  problem of luring customers
• Easy credit or a dollar down and a dollar
  forever
• The installment plan enabled people to buy
  goods over an extended period of time without
  having to put down much money at the time of
  purchase

18
City Life

• Between 1920-1929, nearly 2 million people left
  rural areas for cities every year
• City dwellers read and argued about major issues
• City dwellers tolerated drinking, gambling, and
  casual dating
• Major battle between traditional and modern values

19
Prohibition

• 18th amendment went into effect in January 1920
• Manufacture, sale, and transportation of
  alcoholic beverages was illegal
• However, alcohol was allowed for medical and
  religious purposes
• Reformers thought drinking led to crime, wife and
  child abuse, accidents on the job and other
  serious social problems
• Support came from south and west and Protestants
• Was very hard to fund and enforce!

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Speakeasies and Bootleggers

• To get liquor illegally, drinkers went
  underground to hidden saloons called speakeasies
• Spoke quietly inside to avoid detection
• Had to have a card or a secret password
• People also learned to distill alcohol in secret
• Bootleggers (smuggled in boot legs)

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Organized Crime

• Prohibition contributed to organized crime in
  every major city
• Chicago was notorious because of Al Capone
• Bootlegging empire netted over 60 million/year

24
Science v. Religion

• Fundamentalists-skeptical of scientific knowledge
• Literal interpretation of the Bible
• Rejected to theory of evolution
• Strong support in south and west

25
Scopes Trial

• March 1925, Tennessee passed that nations first
  law that made it a crime to teach evolution
• The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
  promised to defend any teacher who challenged the
  law
• John T. Scopes, a young biology teacher, accepted
  the challenge
• Was arrested and put in jail for reading an
  article in class about evolution

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Scopes Trial cont.

• The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend Scopes
• William Jennings Bryan served as special
  prosecutor
• Trial was a fight over evolution and the role of
  science and religion in public schools and
  American society
• Bryan was questioned for his religious beliefs
• Ended up admitting that the Bible might be
  interpreted in different ways
• Scopes was found guilty and fined 100

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Women of the 20s

• In the rebellious, pleasure-loving atmosphere of
  the 20s, many women began asserting their
  independence and demanded the same freedom as men
• Flapper-an emancipated young woman who embraced
  new fashions and urban attitudes
• Close-fitting hats, waist less dresses an inch
  above the knee, skin toned stockings, boyish bob
  hairstyles
• Began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public,
  talking openly about sex
• Danced the foxtrot, tango, Charleston

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Pop culture

• More people went to high school- taxes to finance
  schools increased
• Increased literacy
• Radio became the most powerful communication
  medium
• Heard news as it happened, sports, radio shows
• Spent time working crossword puzzles, playing
  mahjong, dance marathons, sports
• Negro National baseball league
• Babe Ruth- Yankees

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Entertainment and Art

• Movies- first without sound then with sound
  called talkies
• Jazz music
• Literary boom- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest
  Hemingway

33
Harlem Renaissance

• Literary and artistic movement celebrating
  African-American culture
• Great Migration brought African Americans to the
  north
• Many moved to Harlem, a neighborhood on the Upper
  West Side of NYC
• Became the worlds largest black urban community
• Suffered overcrowding, unemployment, and poverty

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Authors

• Harlem Renaissance encouraged a new pride in
  African-American experiences
• Wrote about the trials of being black in a white
  world
• Claude McKay-novelist, poet, urged African
  Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination.
  Wrote of the pain of life in the black ghettos
• Langston Hughes-poet, described difficult lives
  of working-class African Americans
• Zora Neale Hurston-portrayed the lives of poor
  Southern blacks

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Jazz

• Born in the early 20th century in New Orleans
• Blended instrumental ragtime and vocal blues
• Joe King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band
  brought it north
• Famous jazz musicians Louis Armstrong, Duke
  Ellington, Bessie Smith

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Happy Wednesday!!

• Take out your 20s packet so I can come around and
  check it
• Did you know The ZIP in zip code stands for
  zone improvement plan

40
Interwar Period

• Causes of the Great Depression

41
The Good Times

• The 1920s were a time of superficial prosperity
• Businesses were doing well
• Wages were increasing
• People bought all kinds of luxury items
• Cars, toasters, washers, vacuums, sewing machines
• People thought the good times would continue
  forever and bought fancy items on credit or with
  installment plans, assuming they would just pay
  it later

42
Trouble Ahead

• As the 1920s advanced, economic prosperity
  slowed, but few noticed
• Industries were in trouble
• Railroads, lumbering and mining industries were
  no longer making profits
• Companies had to start laying people off
• People without jobs do not have money to spend,
  which hurts other businesses
• People were also laid off b/c a lot of companies
  began using machines to do the work

43
Trouble Ahead

• 2. Farmers were in Debt
• During WWI, farmers produced a lot of crops and
  sold a lot of crops
• After WWI farmers should have slowed production,
  but they didnt
• They were unable to sell all their crops
• Farmers needed money and took out loans
• Many farmers never repaid their loans which
  caused rural banks to fail
• Many farms were foreclosed on
• Congress tried to help and passed price-supports
  (McNary- Haugen Bill)
• Govt would buy excess for and sell it overseas
• President Coolidge vetoed the bill

44
Trouble Ahead

• 3. Consumers had less money to spend
• As businesses failed, wages were cut and people
  could not spend money on extra items
• Since nobody was buying, more businesses failed,
  causing more unemployment, which caused even less
  money to be spent in stores

45
Trouble Ahead

• 4. Living on credit
• People were living above their means
• People could not afford to buy items out right so
  they paid for them on credit and assumed they
  would pay it back later
• Credit Cards
• Installment Plans -paying off the total cost in
  monthly payments
• Buying Stocks on the Margin- many wanted to
  invest in the stock market, but could not afford
  to pay the full amount of the stock so they
  borrowed from a broker (took out a loan to pay
  for it)
• Many couldnt pay back the full amount of their
  loans or were so strapped for cash they couldnt
  spend money on other items, which hurt other
  businesses, causing more people to become
  unemployed

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Trouble Ahead

• 5. Uneven distribution of wealth
• Rich got richer, poor got poorer
• Most earned less than 2,500 a year
• Had no savings
• Relied on credit

48
Hoover takes over

• 1928- Hoover wins the election
• Little focus on the economy
• People think the good times will continue
• People believed investing in the stock market was
  the key to riches
• Dow Jones Industrial Average was high (Bull
  Market)
• People began engaging in Speculation
• Buy low, sell high
• Make quick money
• Many didnt realize the risk, thought the market
  would continue to increase
• People began buying Stocks on the Margin
• Many couldnt afford to pay the full amount of
  the stock so they borrowed money from a broker
• Makes the market appear stronger than it actually
  is
• If Stock price declines, people have no way of
  paying off the loan
• The government did little to discourage excessive
  borrowing

49
The Stock Market Crashes

• By early September 1929 many began to question
  the strength of the market
• People began selling their stocks
• Black Tuesday- October 29, 1929
• Confidence in the market collapsed
• People began selling their stocks for pennies
• 16 million stocks sold
• Could not pay back their loans
• Caused banks to close, by November investors had
  lost 30 billion dollars

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Stop and Think!

• How did the stock market crash help cause the
  Great Depression?

52
The Great Depression Begins

• 1929-1940- time period where the economy
  plummeted and unemployment rose
• Banks Failed
• People panicked and went to their banks demanding
  their money
• Many banks invested the money in the stock market
  and did not have the money to give back
• Many lost their entire life savings
• The government did not insure bank accounts
• Today, FDIC up to 250,000
• By 1933-11,000 of 25,000 banks failed
• Businesses Failed
• The Gross National Product (total output of
  goods) was cut from 104 billion to 59 billion
• 90,000 businesses failed
• Unemployment Rose
• From 3-25

53
The Great Depression

• The Depression Spread throughout the world
• European nations were still trying to recover
  from WWI
• Wall Street was the center of the financial world
• Many nations relied on the US for loans
• Many also relied on the US to buy goods
• US passed the Hawley Smoot Tariff Act
• Highest protective tariffs in US History
• Designed to protect American farmers and
  businesses
• It failed-
• It stopped Europeans from buying American goods
• Increased unemployment
• encouraged other nations to pass similar tariffs

54
Hardships and Suffering

• The Depression in Cities
• Many lost their homes, jobs
• Homelessness increased
• Shanty towns emerged- little towns consisting of
  shacks
• Soup kitchens
• Bread lines
• There was no direct relief for families
• Cash payment or food provided by the govt
• African-Americans and minorities were hit even
  harder

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Hardships and suffering

• The Depression in Rural Areas
• Farms were foreclosed on
• The Dust Bowl
• drought struck in the 1930s
• For decades farmers in the Midwest broke up
  farmland, removing the protective grass covering,
  exposing dirt
• Leaving a lot of land unusable
• When the drought struck and winds picked up dust
  became unbearable
• Hardest hit was Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New
  Mexico, and Colorado
• Many abandoned their farms and moved to California

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Stop and Think!!

• Why did many farm families leave their land
  during the Great Depression?

60
Hardships and Suffering

• Effects on the American family
• Lots of extra time bc of unemployment
• Hobos began wandering the streets
• There was no Direct Relief for families
• Cash payment or food provided by the govt
• Some cities tried to provide some relief for
  families
• New York City- 2.39 per family each week

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Hardships and Suffering

• Poor diets increased
• malnutrition increased
• Overall health decreased
• Schools shut down
• wild boys kids who rode the freight trains
• Very dangerous
• Depression increased
• suicide increased

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Happy Wednesday!

• Take out your Stormy Weather movie sheets so we
  can finish the movie
• Did you know an ant can survive up to 2 days
  underwater

64
Interwar Period

• Hoovers plan

65
Hoovers approach

• Hoover tried to reassure Americans that the
  nations economy was sound
• Americans had to remain optimistic
• Business as usual
• Depression is a normal part of the business cycle
• The economy will fix itself
• Believed governments role was to encourage and
  facilitate cooperation not control it
• Americans values individualism therefore Hoover
  opposed any form of federal welfare or direct
  relief
• Felt it would weaken peoples self-respect
• His answer to the problem was to let individuals,
  charities and local organizations pitch in and
  help

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Stop and Think!!

• Why was Hoover reluctant to help people during
  the Depression?

67
Cautious steps

• Hoover called together key leaders in business,
  banking and labor
• Urged them to work together to find a solution
• Asked employers not to cut wages or lay off
  workers and asked laborers not to strike
• Created a special organization to help private
  charities generate contributions
• None of this worked
• Shantytowns arose in every city and hobos
  continued to roam

68
Democrats Win Congress

• As the difficulties increased the political tides
  turned against Hoover and the Republicans
• The Democrats took advantage of the anti-Hoover
  sentiments to win more seats in Congress

69
Peoples reaction to Hoover

• Farmers burned their corn and wheat and dumped
  their milk on highways rather than sell it at a
  loss
• People were calling shantytowns Hoovervilles
• Hoover continued to hold firm to his principles

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Hoover Takes Action

• Backed the creation of the Federal Farm
  Board-intended to raise crop prices by helping
  members to buy crops and keep them off the market
  until prices rose
• Federal Home Loan Bank Act (1932)- lowered
  mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers
  to refinance to avoid foreclosure
• Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
  authorized up to 2 billion for emergency
  financing for banks, life insurance companies,
  RR, and other large businesses
• Hoover believed that the money would trickle down
  to the average citizen through job growth and
  higher wages
• Businesses still failed

72
Bonus Army

• In 1932, 10,000-20,000 WWI Vets and their
  families marched in Washington DC and called
  themselves the Bonus Army
• Supported the Patman Bill under debate that
  authorized the govt to pay a bonus to WWI Vets
  who hadnt be paid adequately for their service
• Bill was approved in 1924 but was to be paid out
  in 1945 (cash and life insurance) but Vets wanted
  to be paid immediately
• Built shantytowns in front of the Capitol
• July 28- Hoover sent troops to disband the Bonus
  Army
• Gassed more than 1,000 people including an 11
  month old baby who died and an 8 yr old who was
  permanently blinded- Hoovers image suffered and
  FDR easily won the next election

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Stop and Think!!

• How did the treatment of the Bonus Army affect
  President Hoover?

74
Happy Thursday!!!

• Take out your Economic Briefing Packet so I can
  come around a check it!
• Did you know Babe Ruth wore a cabbage leaf under
  his baseball cap to keep cool he changed it
  every 2 innings

75
Interwar Period

• FDR and the New Deal

76
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Democrat, elected in the election of 1932
• Inaugurated in March 1933
• 20th Amendment-move presidential inauguration to
  January (ratified in Feb. 1933 so FDR missed it)
• lame duck amendment- shortens time btwn
  election and inauguration
• Between the time of election and the time he took
  office, FDR worked to pick advisers known as the
  Brain Trust
• Came up with the New Deal

77
Hundred Days

• Period of intense activity lasting from March 9-
  June 16, 1933
• Congress passed more that 15 major pieces of New
  Deal legislation
• Expanded the fed. Govts role in the nations
  economy
• First step was the carry out reforms in banking
  and finance
• Closed all banks (bank holiday) to prevent
  further withdrawals
• Emergency Banking Relief Act- banks were to be
  inspected, if they couldnt repay debts they
  would remain closed

78
Fireside Chats

• Radio talks about issues of public concern,
  explaining in clear, simple language
• Made people feel like he was talking directly to
  them
• We have nothing to fear but fear itself

79
The 3 Rs- Relief

• Relief bring immediate help to those who need it
• CCC (Civilian Conservation Corp)- Provided jobs
  for young single males on conservation projects
• Built new roads, strung telephone lines, planted
  trees
• TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)- provided jobs
  building dams to bring running water and
  electricity to poor regions in the South
• WPA (Works Progress Administration)- created as
  many jobs as quickly as possible in construction
  of airports, highways, and public buildings.
• Also hired artists, musicians and actors

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3 R-s- Recovery

• Recovery pump-priming temporary programs to
  restart the flow of consumer demand
• AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)- aid farmers by
  regulating crop production so prices would rise
• NRA (National Recovery Administration)- reformed
  banking practices and established fair codes of
  competition for business

82
3 Rs- Reform

• Reform permanent programs to avoid situations
  causing contractions and Insurance for citizens
  against econ. Disaster
• FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)-
  protected bank deposits up to 5,000
• Wagner Act-defined unfair labor practices and
  established the National Labor Relations Board to
  settle disputes between employers and employees
• SSA (Social Security Act)- provided pension for
  retired workers and their spouses and helped
  people with disabilities

83
Regulating Banking and Finance

• Glass-Steagall Act- established the Federal
  Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
• Federal Securities Act- required corporations to
  provide complete information on all stock
  offerings and made them liable for any
  misrepresentation.
• Established the Securities and Exchange
  Commission (SEC)
• 21st amendment (sell alcohol to raise govt
  revenue by taxing alcohol)

84
Results of the New Deal

• By the end of the Hundred Days, millions of
  Americas had benefited from the New Deal programs
• Public confidence in the nations future had
  rebounded
• FDR practiced the policy of deficit spending-
  spending more money that the govt receives in
  revenue
• Said it was a necessary evil to be used in an
  economic crisis

85
Stop And Think!!

• Look over the list of New Deal programs.
  Identify which programs addressed the different
  areas of need
• You have a limited amount of time to do this so
  start working!!!

86
Critics of the New Deal

• Many critics believed the New Deal interfered
  with the workings of a free-market economy
• Fed. Govt had too much control over agriculture
  and industry
• American Liberty League- believed the New Deal
  violated respect for rights of individuals and
  property
• 3 of the toughest critics expressed views that
  appealed to the poor Father Coughlin, Dr.
  Francis Townsend, and Huey Long

87
FDR and the Supreme Court

• Schechter v. US (1935) struck down the National
  Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) as
  unconstitutional
• Said it gave legislative power to the executive
  branch
• Butler v. US (1937) struck down the Agricultural
  Adjustment Act (AAA) saying that agriculture is a
  local matter and should be regulated by the
  states not the fed. Govt
• Overall FDRs New Deal was defeated in 7 of 9 SC
  decisions

88
FDRs Response

• Judiciary Reorganization Bill
• Allowed him to appoint 6 new Supreme Court
  justices
• Also called the court packing bill
• Never happened
• 1937, an elderly justice retired and FDR
  appointed a liberal justices, shifting the
  balance of the Court
• Over the next 4 years because of resignations,
  FDR appointed 7 new judges

89
End of the Great Depression?

• In 1938, FDR scaled back on the New Deal policies
  and unemployment rose again
• Production and unemployment wouldnt match
  pre-1929 levels until the US entered WWII and
  industries began production of war materials
• However, the New Deal DID provided short-term
  relief to many!

90
Long Term Impact

• People now looked to the govt for help in times
  of need
• Govt is responsible for social welfare
• Thousands of federal jobs were created to
  maintain new agencies
• Govt became active in settling labor disputes
• Greatly regulated business- 40 hr work week,
  minimum wage, etc.
• Ushered in an era of increased taxes paid by
  citizens