Socialism

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Socialism

• The Nemesis of the West

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What do we know about Socialists/Communists?

• Students brainstorm share ideas

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• Socialism as we know it has strayed from the
  original ideals
• Stalin
• Russia
• China
• Red Scare
• Violence
• Total control of government
• Fascism
• Limited freedom of speech
• Poverty
• Cold War
• Air Raids
• Nuclear Weapons-arms race
• Poor economy-inefficient
• Government owns everything by taking your wealth
  and individuality

Russias Stalin
Chinas Mao Zedong
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What was Socialism supposed to be?

• Common ownership makes full freedom and democracy
  possible
• Equal class system
• Workers no longer exploited by upper class
• All basic needs met (food, shelter, health etc.)
• Capitalism would be ended

• Workers of the world unite you have nothing to
  lose but your chains

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Life for the ProletariatEurope 1800s

• Lower/working class
• Treated like property, very similar to slaves
• Produced goods and services for the Bourgeoisie,
  the upper class
• Exploited by Bourgeoisie

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Origins of Socialism

• 19th century Europe filled with class struggles
• Capitalism and semi-feudalism exploited workers
  for the gain of the wealthy and powerful.
• Karl Marx 1818-1883 and Friedrich Engels
  1820-1895 write Communist Manifesto

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Marxs Life

• Germany 1818-1883
• Schooling experiences left him in debt with
  knowledge of and interest in law and politics
• Studied class struggles and the idea of Communism
• Wrote Communist Manifesto with Engels 1848
• Not a great influence to the people of his time,
  but his ideas strongly affected the 20th century

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Karl MarxMarxism

• Marxism comes from Communist Manifesto
• Against capitalism
• People should make money by production and not
  leeching (metaphor?) money out of the
  laborers/Proletariat.
• Wrong for Bourgeois (upper class) to make money
  without really working

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The Communist Manifesto (1848)
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• Describes history of class struggle "freeman and
  slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf...in
  a word, oppressor and oppressed."
• Encourages eliminating system of oppression
  everybody has the same amount of money
• Rebels against the extreme poverty in the lower
  class.
• Defines social and economic values of a communist
  government.

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• Upper, middle, and lower class exist in all
  societies
• EXAMPLE Medieval times a) serfs, b) vassals, c)
  merchants and d) the lord
• EXAMPLE U.S. a) the rich, b) the middle class,
  and c) the poor
• Communism/Marxism eliminates classes based on
  money and power

People
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A Spectre is Haunting Europe

• In the Manifesto, it says
• A spectre is haunting Europethe spectre of
  Communism. All the Powers of old Europe have
  entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this
  spectre Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot,
  French Radicals and German police-spies.
• Europe feared communism it was opposed by the
  rich and powerful.

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Marxisms Influence on Russia Bolshevik
Revolution

• Marxist/Bolshevik Revolution in October 24th 1917
• Ended Tsarist rule, began a communist rule with
  Bolsheviks in power
• What caused this Revolution to take place?
• Semi-Feudalism class struggle in Russia

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Feudalism vs. Semi-Feudalism

• Feudalism has Kings, Tenants and Knights
• Semi-feudalism has landowners instead of Tenants
  and knights, and a Tsar instead of a King

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Classes in Russia

• Tsars
• Petit Bourgeoisie
• Peasants/Proletariat

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Semi-feudal systemBefore 1917

• Majority of Russias population peasants
• Peasants worked for landowners on their land
• Hard labor with little to no wages
• Landowners reaped all of the benefits
• Few rights for Russian peasants
• This struggle was the
• main reason for the Bolshevik Revolution

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Peasant working on his farm
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Peasants working
Russian Soldiers
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Petit Bourgeoisie

• Lower middle class in 18th early 19th
  centuries includes professional middle class and
  better off farmers
• Political leaders (mainly from middle class and
  some aristocratic backgrounds) emerged from
  underground
• Organized a common government
• Supported Soviets

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1918 middle class craftsman
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Middle Class Family
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Tsar Nicholas1868-1918

• Russia's last Tsar Ruled from 1896-1917
• Autocrat supported by privileged nobles who
  possessed land and serfs/peasants
• Most people were serfs/peasants able to be
  punished by nobles in any way
• Led 11 million peasants into World War I
• Failed to help peasants who revolted for the
  first time in 1905
• Stepped down after 1st Bolshevik Revolution in
  February 1917
• Nicholas and family (wife and five children) were
  executed on the night of July 17, 1918 by
  Bolsheviks following the October Revolution

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The Tsar Family
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Tsar Nicholas and his son, Alexei
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1917 Marxist Rebellion

• Workers of a large factory broke out in large
  groups to challenge a system committed to profit
  and war.
• Brought working class to the top united around
  the slogan Bread, Peace, and Land.

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Bolshevik Revolution

• February 1917
• forced Tsar Nicholas to step down
• provisional government put in place
• October 1917
• Bolsheviks seize power from provisional
  government
• Tsar Nicholas and family assassinated
• Semi-feudal system replaced with Communist
  government committed to modernizing Russia

The workers' soviet in the Putilov steel factory,
at the heart of the October revolution
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October Revolution
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After the Bolshevik Revolution

• Land-holdings of landlords seized and reorganized
  into common ownership
• Proves the poor have the power to run a society
  for themselves.
• Caused Russia to back out of World War I
• Vladimir Lenin first Russian communist ruler
  loved by the people.

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Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)Father of Russian
Communism

• Before 1917 Revolution
• Involved in politics in college began to believe
  in Marxism
• Family members punished by Tsarist govt. b/c of
  Lenins belief in Marxism
• Arrested exiled to Siberia in 1895 expelled
  from University b/c of arrest and radical ideas.
• Joined Bolsheviks and became leader of party
  before Rev.
• Believed in Socialist Utopia Power to the
  people, equality, fairness

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Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

• As ruler, implemented New Economic Policy 1921
• Russia in shambles b/c of WWI
• Brought some private enterprise back into Russia
• Trade, manufacturing, and agriculture began to
  boom
• Peasants working the land innovated with new
  technologies and procedures
• Survived assassination attempt in 1918
• Became ½ paralyzed after having several strokes
  clash begins between Trotsky and Stalin for
  succession
• Lenin died January 21st 1924

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Power Struggle Between Trotsky Stalin

• After Lenin died, 1924, question of who would
  succeed came up
• Trotsky, Lenins second in command, or Stalin,
  the self proclaimed political heir
• 1927 it was decided

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Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)

• Top of his class in ALL of his classes
• Joined the Bolshevik party, 1917
• Leader in Russias October Revolution, 1917
• Foreign Commissar who negotiated peace with the
  Germans,1917
• Built up the red army as its leader 1920
• 2nd in command to Lenin
• His followers, Trotskyists, fought for class
  equality, wanted to spread Revolution to other
  countries
• Eloquent and persuasive speaker

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Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)
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Joseph Stalin

• Born December 18th 1879
• Studied at a theological seminary but didnt
  graduate, he then went against the Russian
  autocracy
• Spent 15 years as an activist exiled to Siberia
• Supported and took part in Bolshevik Revolution
• Supported Lenins New Economic Policy in 1921.
  Private enterprise elements started an uproar by
  the peasants, farmers, and other workers of
  Russia.

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Stalin (continued)

• 1922, Stalin became General Secretary of the
  Communist Party
• Became the voice of Russia when Lenin became ill.
  
• After Lenins death, regarded himself as
  political heir of Soviet Union
• Believed USSR should focus on Socialism in One
  Country
• Supported key allies in order to gain their
  support against Trotsky
• Had his supporters vote against Trotsky and Boo
  during his speeches

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Power Struggle Between Trotsky Stalin

• Joseph Stalin won the struggle and exiled Leon
  Trotsky forever.
• Stalin had an NKVD agent, assassinate Trotsky on
  August 20th 1940, with an ice pick.
• If Trotsky had won, the Soviet Union would have
  been very different

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• Ruled in USSR from 1929-1953
• Said to be one of the most powerful dictators
  ever.

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Modernization Projects

• After Russian Civil War, the Russian economy was
  in shambles.
• No industrial equipment
• Fewer than twenty out of one-hundred people lived
  in the city
• Stalin made a list of targets for
  industrialization

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Five Year Plan

• Five Year Plan
• increase coal and iron production, increase
  electrical power.
• 13 million men and women added to the cities
• Stalins priorities were industry
• The plans did increase industrial output rapidly.
• Consolidated small farms into huge collectives
  increased production and made more money.

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Soviet Intelligentsia

• One of three formal classes of revolutionary
  Soviet society
• Workers
• Peasants
• Intelligentsia
• Intelligentsia- Social class with higher
  education than most trying to develop and spread
  a particular culture
• Ruling political party in the Soviet Union.
• Gained power by controlling other people and
  claiming superiority.
• Wanted to modernize 20th century USSR

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Religion

• Communist Manifesto said
• Workers loyalty to a Supreme Being, kept them
  from uniting against capitalism
• Religion Opiate of the masses
• Stalin used propaganda techniques to make workers
  think of him as their supreme being
• Closed churches mosques turned them into
  schools and movie theaters.
• Melted religious icons and banned meetings
  through the country.
• Drove religion underground to avoid KGB/NKVD
• 30,000-150,000 people killed under Stalins reign
  for their beliefs
• Made priests walk on thin ice

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Propaganda

• Propaganda ideas and rumors used to make someone
  believe an idea
• Stalin used propaganda to make people believe
  that his government was better
• Used posters, statues, newspaper, speeches, radio
  broadcasts etc. to spread the view he wanted
  people to have used censorship to eliminate
  views he opposed
• History books and photographs changed to make him
  the hero of the Revolution and obliterate the
  names of purged people (Trotsky).  

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Propaganda

• Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not
  let our enemies have guns, why should we let them
  have ideas.
• Josef Stalin
• Print is the sharpest and the strongest weapon
  of our party.
• Josef Stalin

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Propaganda Posters

• Description
• Show Stalin as a great leader
• Tells how Stalin helps his people
• Talks highly of himself
• Makes things sound better in their favor
• Pictures indicate that he will help people, and
  take care of them

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Propaganda Posters
This poster reads "Beloved Stalina fortune of
the nation!"
Stalin, implies that he is nice to children, and
will take care of everyone.
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Stalins Speeches

• Before Speeches
• Continuous cries from the audience "Long live
  great Stalin, Hurrah!" "Hurrah for Comrade
  Stalin, the creator of the Soviet Constitution,
  the most democratic in the world!" "Long live
  Comrade Stalin, leader of the oppressed
  throughout the world, Hurrah!"
• In his speeches, he discusses
• Duties of citizens EX fighting a just war
  against Germany
• Communist Party how it helps the people

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Applause for Stalin
At the end of the conference, a tribute to
Comrade Stalin was called for. Of course,
everyone leapt to his feet. However, who would
dare to be the first to stop after all, NKVD
men were in the hall waiting to see who quit
first. And in that obscure hall, unknown to the
Leader, the applause went on 6, 7, 8 minutes!
They couldnt stop now till they collapsed of
heart attacks! Aware of the falsity of the
situation, after 11 minutes, the director of the
paper factory sat down in his seat. And, oh, a
miracle took place! Everyone else stopped dead
and sat down. That, however, was how they found
who the independent people were.   And that was
how they set about eliminating them. They
easily pasted 10 years in a labour camp on him.
Solzhenitsyn, writing about a Communist Party
meeting in 1938.  
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Stalins Radio Broadcast

• Stalin talks about
• Military attacks
• War
• Armies
• History
• The U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialists
  Republics)
• Purpose Make people fear invasion/attack, so
  they believe they need the strict way of life
  imposed on them

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The Great Terror---1930s
Purges 600,000 - 2 million killed
Gulag Work Camps More than 14 million sent there
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K.G.B./NKVD

• Russian Committee for State Security Secret
  Police
• Helped Stalin to consolidate his power b/c
  KGB/NKVD killed those who opposed him (Purges),
  putting fear into Soviet citizens
• Supported by the military and other
  institutions-- Ex had masses of tanks and
  armored vehicles.
• Used force often infringed upon human rights
• Killed over 1 million citizens

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Show Trails and Purges

• Show trials
• Stalins old rivals confess to treason (after
  having been secretly tortured) and are executed
• Purges
• Stalin imprisoned and killed off major political
  leaders
• Executions carried out by the KGB/NKVD
• Exiled other enemies of the people to slave
  labor camps (Gulag) estimated 14 million to 40
  million
• 6-7 million exiled to remote areas of USSR
• Served as warning to Stalins opponents
• Made millions of citizens live in fear and terror

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World Reaction

• Similar revolutions occurred in other countries
  Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary etc.
• Influenced modern day Communism in countries such
  as China, Cuba, and North Korea
• Red Scare in US after the end of WWI (1919-1921)
• Innocent people jailed for expressing their views
• Civil liberties ignored
• Many Americans feared a Bolshevik-style
  revolution
• International conflict and economic crisis became
  more distinct Cold War

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