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History of ADC

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Title: History of ADC


1
HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICTS - Althoff
LEC-02
Chapters 2 3
  • History of ADC
  • Threats to Human Safety

Innovation Fear
2
Necessary ingredients for wildlife damage to
occur
Wildlife
Resource
Damage
Victim
3
The early days.
  • Prehistoric hunters were probably so efficient
    that they often ___________ the wildlife
    populations they hunted
  • Hunter-gather types probably _______________ too
    far from the settlement/encampmentand wildlife
    probably kept its distance
  • Early forms of wildlife management was evident
    by the burning vegetation to both a) produce
    ______ game and b) to ______________ animals for
    easier hunting

4
For agrarian societies.
  • Going back 10,000 15,000 years ago
  • Two negative impacts posed by wildlife a)
    during the _________________ b) to stored
    ______________________
  • Oral tradition indicates those people employed
    several methods to reduce wildlife damage a)
    ____________ b) ________ c) ________

5
Rodents, early on, were pests
  • Most notably, to _____________
  • Early efforts were to kill ______________
  • Known by 4,000 to 5,000 years ago that Egyptians
    used _______ to reduce mice numbers.and
    during same time period Chinese know to have made
    _______ _____________and inhabitants of Indus
    River Valley used ________________ designed to
    strangle animals.

China
6
Early crop fields were small.
  • Because everything done by _________
  • Small crops fields could be wiped out quickly by
    wildlife
  • Some Native Americans used tall platforms
    positioned in mature corn fields, manned by
    children from dawn to dusk, whose job it was to
    ____________ at birds to scare them away
  • Old World (Europe) always used the practice of
    having children deter bird damage to crops

7
Early on, herders had challenges, too.
  • Captive animals were tempting targets for
    ________ predatorsespecially when food was
    scarce a) winter b) dry spells
  • Becoming effective at keeping large predators
    away was a key for some living a rural existence,
    thus allowing many to ________________ from a
    dependency on hunting to one of herding

8
Human life was threatened.
  • In the line of duty, shepherds tried to
    ___________ attacks from lions, tigers, and bears
  • Biblical accounts describe a) sheep and goat
    herders defending herds against large
    predators b) some (i.e., herders) were
    undoubtedly killed by large predators c)
    shepherds (i.e., David) killing both lions
    and bearswith a _______. Samson
    was credited with killing a young lion with
    his bare hands

9
Medieval Europe.
  • Use of ________________ to control
    rodents paste of honey, copperas,
    and ground glass
    (FeSO4 ) powdered mercuric chloride
    added to paste made from sweet butter,
    oatmeal, apple, pulp, flour, and
    sugar
  • Common names of some plants used to control
    damage very suggestive ____________
    kill wolves, foxes, and rodents ____________
    for rats, contains arsenic

10
Medieval Europe.cont
  • Laws actually passed to kill offending
    wildlife a) Scotland _____ kill rooks b)
    England _____ ordering nets be set to
    capture jackdaws, crows, and rooks.heavy fin
    e for non-compliance c) England _____
    another act ordering church wardens to pay
    bounties for several species of birds and
    mammals listed as vermin
  • Many ingenious traps developed to catch mice and
    rats

11
Medieval-era mouse and rat traps from Mascalls
book published in 1590, p21 in Conover, Fig. 2.2
12
Traps from pre-1590
  • Mill to take mice pinwheel that placed on edge
    of table over a bucket of water. Vanes baited.
    Mouse reached for bait, pinwheel moved, mouse
    fell in bucket and drown
  • Fall for rats dead fall with heavy block that
    fell when treadle below released string attached
    to block
  • Following trap powered by both gravity and
    twisted-cord spring
  • Dragin trap early snap trap. Had metal teeth
    with twisted rope that acted as spring. Looked
    like dragons mouthhence name
  • Bow Trappe for rats like dragin trap but with
    bow
  • Boxe trap guillotine-type, spring-powered rod
    used

13
Psychology warfare. Medieval times
  • _________________ left notes, print-side up.
    Request was to vacate the premises
  • ______ if letter writing/warnings didnt work
    (and why would they?), then some captured rodents
    were tortured rather than killedthen released
    to warn other.
  • Magical potions , spells cast, and rhymes
    written, music even used (Pied Piper
    exampleluring rats to their death)

14
Colonial America 1620 - 1776
  • Initially, all wildlife looked at as _________.
    Europe at the time was more orderly, more tame
    with a patchwork of fields, pastures, and woods
  • Plymouth Bay colony leader William Bradford
    wrote the area was a hideous and desolate
    wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men.
  • ________________________________ to counter,
    the mindset was to subdue, conquer, or vanquish
    perceived threats to their existence/settlement.
    Goal _______! Thus, war was essentially
    declared on wildlife

15
Colonial America 1620 1776cont
  • ____________ were exceptionally targeted as they
    threatened livestock
  • Early on, there were bounties paid for dead
    wolves, cougars and other predators
  • One of the first laws in New Haven colony was to
    establish bounty on wolves and foxeswith the
    intent of not just reducing predator populations
    but to ________________ them
  • Bounties ________ even higher when few wolves
    left in an area with the expressed intent of
    eliminating them
  • In 1600s, ___________________ were main means of
    predator control. Even some habitat management
    swamps were drained

16
Colonial America 1620 1776cont
  • Birds, especially starlings and red-winged
    blackbirds also threatened colonists food
    supplies. Note starlings likely not
    introduced to NA successfully until _________
    in New York city by _____________ fan
  • In 1648, New Haven offered 10 shillings for every
    1,000 blackbirds killed
  • Colonial farmers targeted _________________
    because of large flocks foraging in the grain
    crops
  • Some recognition, though, that some wildlife was
    ____ beaver and deerwith beaver pelts used a
    legal tender.

17
Wildlife Management in U.S. 1776 - 1880
  • Still attitude to tame the wild
  • Wildlife dual function 1) source of food
    and/or revenue 2) obstacle or hindrance to be
    eliminated
  • Westward push dominated by desire for beaver
    pelts, as beaver popn in eastern U.S. greatly
    reduced. So, trappers firstthen farmers
  • Farmers perception of wildlife was still
    generally bad. Coyotes along with wolves,
    cougars, and grizzly bears all viewed as
    ___________________________.
  • Think post-Civil War era.aim to eliminate Native
    Americans was sought by __________________.
    Unfortunately, that effort was pretty successful

18
Changing views in later part of 1800s
  • Transition from conquering the new geographic
    frontier to advent of the industrial revolution.
    Americans reflected on the cost of the
    accomplishment of taming the country a)
    ____________________ (i.e., landscape) b)
    ____________________
  • Recognition that the wildlife resources was
    ______ inexhaustible
  • Some state legislatures debated enacting laws to
    protect certain species of wildlife (TX bison,
    OH p. pigeons)
  • It was thought it was __________ to be
    outdoors, be involved in outdoor recreation
  • ________________ became popular

19
Sport hunting early efforts resulted in
  • Move to hunt _________ with only sporting
    methods
  • Also, call (Henry William HerbertAKA Frank
    Forester) to treat dogs and horses humanely.to
    do otherwise was cruel
  • Among those picking up on the ____________
    theme was Theodore Roosevelta member of one of
    the early sportsmens clubs. Of course, Teddy
    became president evidently is well documented
  • Federal govt initiated some important policy
    changes.___________________________ established
  • Federal govt established in ______ the
    ____________ ______________________________

20
Expanded consciousness about wildlife.
  • In America, during the turn of the century didnt
    automatically wipe away the good vs. bad view
    of wildlife in generalwith good being those
    hunted for sport and bad being anything else
  • Govt policy was still _________good wildlife
    and bad wildlife
  • New emerging philosophy among somethink Henry
    David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson nature
    and wilderness possessed special values of beauty
    and spiritualism
  • But, things changed again some with World Wars I
    and II

21
World Wars I and II
  • Shift in U.S. from predominately emphasis on
    agriculture production (and agriculture labor) to
    war production (both manufacturing and sending
    people off to fight the wars).
  • Concern for livestock waned, concern for wildlife
    ______
  • As a result, wildlife damage becomes more
    important during __________ difficult times than
    when life is good
  • ____________, Congress allocated 125,000 to deal
    with predatory animalsthis marked the first time
    the federal govt hired professionals to kill
    predators. And, there was little opposition to
    take this approach

22
Key WW-II battle impacted by wildlife damage
  • Conover 200231 sidebar 2.5
  • Hitler ordered one of his major Panzer (tank)
    corps to break through a Russian encirclement of
    his 6th Army.
  • The relief effort failed because many of the
    tanks had been rendered inoperable prior to the
    battle because _____ had eaten through the
    ______________________.
  • The result that portion of the German army13
    infantry divisions, 3 panzer divisions, 3
    motorized divisions, and 1 anti-aircraft
    divisionsurrendered. A loss of 250,000 troops
    and all their equipment.

23
A theme repeated.
  • The pattern of sacrificing wildlife interests
    for ________ ones is repeated across time and
    throughout the world (Conover 200231)
  • Individual human survival almost always placed
    over environmental protection
  • Often, wildlife is viewed as a _______and thus
    wealthy nations are more likely to consider
    protecting the environment than poor onesor
    during poor times

24
Suggest you read
  • Conover (200231-33) to get a summary of
    perspective of wildlife management in _______
    America that highlights a) era of prosperity for
    Americans b) impact of outdoor
    recreationincluding the large of hunters and
    fisherman c) impact of TV d) advent of
    powerful non-governmental conservation-oriente
    d organizations e) gaining of an environmental
    conscious f) establishment of urban wildlife
    populations g) etc.

25
History of USDA Wildlife Services
Program(Conover 2002 29-30 sidebar 2.4)
  • As noted, US govt (i.e., Feds) first got into
    wildlife damage business in _____ with
    establishment of USDA branch of Economic
    Ornithology and Mammalogyalthough initially the
    mammalogy part was not included)
  • Initial efforts were to ________ farmers.
  • Then ____________ into the problems followed.
  • Finally, by _____________ of ADC techniques
  • In _____, eradication methods lab was formedin
    Albuquerque, NM

26
Fed ADC agency changes in location name
  • In ______, Fed agency moved to Denver and renamed
    the Denver Wildlife Research Center
  • In the ______, the center was moved to Fort
    Collins, CO and given the name National Wildlife
    Research Center
  • In ______, President Franklin Roosevelt
    transferred what was essentially WS (technically
    Bureau of Biological Survey) from USDA to USFWS
    to consolidate all wildlife- related activities
    in one department. It was then known as ADC

27
Protests from outside Federal govtbut programs
moved ahead
  • In _____, Fed agency responsible for predator
    and rodent control was earmarked for 1 million.
  • The high amount (1 million for the times) and
    the approach (largely eradicate by any means)
    resulted in _________ from the ___________________
    ________
  • But, supporters of the Fed ADC agenda rallied for
    more political support (clearly influenced by
    strong voices of western ranchers) passed the
    ____________________ ______________. a)
    gave Feds authority to conduct ADC activities b)
    gave Feds authority to enter into
    cooperative agreements with state and local
    governments

28
Fed ADC agency changes in namecont
  • During the 40s, 50s, and 60sespecially the 60s,
    ADC came under close scrutiny as part of the
    environmental awareness movement because of the
    extensive use of poisons, among other methods. A
    special committee was formed and resulted in the
    ___________________ (lead by A. Starker Leopold,
    Aldos son). It was essentially to look at
    national parks but came up with a series of
    recommendations (see next slide) that were
    accepted as a guidepost. A) ADC program
    was modified B) Jack Berryman names new chief

29
Leopold Report 1963.6 ADC-related recommendations
  • Create an advisory board to ADC
  • Reassess ADC program goals
  • Revise ADCs guidelines for methods and
    assessment
  • Increase research efforts
  • Obtain legal control of use of certain
    _____________
  • Change the organizations name.
  • the name change was not made then, however!

30
Another key report_______ Report
  • ______ - Stanley Cain chair
  • Critical of use of poisons on the grounds that
    they were a) inhumane as used most times b)
    nonselective (i.e., non-target species suffered)
  • Recommended more use of leg-hold traps over
    poisons
  • Results that followed based on Cain Report
  • President Nixon signed an executive order, _____,
    banning use of toxicants for predator control by
    federal __________ on federal ___________
  • President Ford amended the ban by allowing use of
    ______________ in M-44s in the mid-1970s
  • President Reagan ____________ Nixons e.o. and
    Fords amendment in the early 1980s

31
One more department change and one more name
change.
  • During the ______, agricultural stakeholders
    (think ranchers, farmers and industries catering
    to them) felt the ADC as housed within the U.S.
    Fish and Wildlife Service was a) NOT
    _________________ b) NOT getting a ____
    shake in principle or reality
  • In _____, Congress legislated that all ADC
    programs be moved back to the ______
  • In ______, the federal ADC program was officially
    changed to ___________________ (WS)

32
Threats to Human Safety
  • Truly, only a _____ fraction of human-wildlife
    encounters result in human injury or death
  • That said, in this age of 30-second sound bites
    and video/media coverage, single events can
    generate lots of attention and emotion

33
Threats to Human Safety
  • Three ways people are injured or killed from
    human- wildlife conflicts 1)
    bitten, clawed, gored, or attacked by
    wildlife 2) injured or killed when
    there is a collision of a vehicle (auto or
    plane) with wildlife 3) infected with
    a disease or parasite passed from a wildlife
    species

34
Miracle on the Hudson !!!
35
Why Do Animals Attack People?
  • _________________ when the person is viewed as
    prey. Usually only happens when person is
    smaller than the predatorsize matters.
    Sometimes smaller predators attack larger prey
    (i.e., human) by accidentthey misjudge their
    size
  • _______________ animal likely feels cornered or
    trapped and response with attempt to defend
    itself. Think bison (horns), coyotes (bite),
    cats (claws), porcupines (quills)
  • ____________________ although this behavior is
    usually directed at conspecifics, it does
    sometimes carry over for some species to other
    speciesincluding humans. Ex. would be Canada
    geese, mute swans, and avocets protecting a nest

36
Aggressive territorial behavior can be displayed
by avocets
37
How Frequent Are Attacks?(Conover 200242
Tables 3.1 3.2)
Per year
Non-fatal
Fatal
  • Rodents ? 27,000 ?
  • Ven. Snakes ? 8,000
    9-15
  • Skunks 1971-1972 113 --
  • Sharks 1990-1999 287
    5
  • Black bears 1960-1980 25
    0.3
  • Coyotes LA 1975-1981 1.3
    0.2
  • Coyotes YNP 1960-1988 0.1
    0.0
  • Cougars US 1890-1990 0.2
    0.05
  • Bison YNP 1978-1993 3.7
    0.1

38
Characteristics (Age Sex) of People Injured
byPredators in North America ?(Conover 200247
Tables 3.4)
  • Examine Table 3.4 from Conover
  • What are the trends? Males or
    females more likely to be attacked? Males or
    females more likely to be killed?
  • Children lt10 more or less likely to be attacked
    than those gt20?
  • Who more likely to suffer fatal attacks?

39
Number of humans attacked by alligators, cougars,
and bears in the U.S. during recent decades
(Conover 200252 Fig. 3.6)
40
Why the Recent Increase in Wildlife Attacks on
Humans in North America?
  • Attacks by alligators, cougars, bears, coyotes,
    and probably bison and moose have increased in
    recent decades
  • All are relatively _________ (except for coyote)
  • All have exhibited a population __________ from
    the early 1900s (except perhaps moose)
  • Human populations have increased AND humans are
    spending more time in _________ areas --note
    backcountry visitor to YNP is 38 times more
    likely to be injured by a bear than a
    normal visitor. For Glacier NP, the figure
    is 84 times.
  • Some have ______________ to humansin urban
    settings

41
But why arent more humans attacked?
  • Speculation Conover historic memory passed on
    from mothers (of bears, cougars, etc.) to their
    offspring about how dangerous humans are.
    Conover also thinks this will change (i.e.,
    increased number of attacks) as lack of interest
    by hunters or increased passage of laws
    protecting large predators.
  • Some evidence erect posture of humans perceived
    by large predators suggest they (humans) are more
    formidable, so the predators pass. There is some
    evidence that cougar attacks are more common on
    people leaning over or squatting than when
    standing tall.

42
Human Injuries Fatalities from Ungulate
Automobile Collisions
  • Conover (in ______) estimated number of
    deer-vehicle collisions in U.S. totaled
    ____________.
  • What is it more recently? have an estimate
    next week for Ohio or the nation
    ________________
  • Decker et al. 1990 Romin 1994 only about ____
    of deer-vehicle collisions are reported, the
    actual number in the U.S. annually is probably
    twice that figure (for 1995) above). Thus, the
    above statistic grossly underestimates the damage
    at least to property

43
Bird Collisions with Civilian Aircraft
  • In _____, there were _______ reported bird
    strikes by civilian aircraft in the US.
  • What is it more recently? have an estimate
    next week for the US ________________
  • Military aircraft are more vulnerable to bird
    strikes than commercial aircraft. Why?
    1) 2) other?
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