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The 1990

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Title: The 1990


1
The 1990s the Information Age
2
The Persian Gulf War
  • Amid growing tension between the two Persian Gulf
    neighbors, Saddam Hussein concluded that the
    United States and the rest of the outside world
    would not interfere to defend Kuwait.
  • On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait
    and quickly seized control of the small nation.
  • Within days, the United States, along with the
    United Nations, demanded Iraq's immediate
    withdrawal.
  • U.S. and other UN member nations began deploying
    troops in Saudi Arabia within the week, and the
    world-wide coalition began to form under UN
    authority

Below Kuwaiti oil wells on fire
3
The Persian Gulf War
  • On August 2, 1990 Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait ?
    looting it then began to head towards Saudi
    Arabia its rich oil fields
  • If Iraq conquered Saudi Arabia as well as Kuwait
    it would control ½ of the worlds oil supply
  • President Bush and Sec. of State James Baker
    organized an international coalition against
    Iraqi aggression
  • To liberate Kuwait
  • President Bush launched Operation Desert Storm
  • on January 16, 1991 the United States his
    allies staged a massive air assault against Iraq

4
Key Players
  • The leader of the UN Coalition was General H.
    Norman Schwarzkopf
  • The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was
    Colin Powell
  • The Secretary of Defense was Dick Cheney
  • The Secretary of State who successfully organized
    the UN coalition was James Baker

Gen. Schwarzkopf
Gen. Colin Powell
Sec. of Def Cheney
General Powell Sec. Def Cheney Gen.
Schwarzkopf
Sec. of Def Cheney with Chairman of the JCS Powell
Sec. of State Baker ?
5
Allied Bombing
6
The Persian Gulf War
  • The Allied bombing sought to damage Iraq's
    infrastructure so as to hinder her ability to
    make war while also hurting both civilian and
    military morale.
  • To counter the air attack, Saddam ordered the
    launching of his feared SCUD missiles at both
    Israel and Saudi Arabia
  • These SCUD missiles were shot down by the U.S.
    Patriot missile defense system

Above Baghdad after U.S. bombing
U.S. Patriot Missile ? ? Iraqi SCUD Missile
7
The Ground Offensive
8
The Persian Gulf War
  • After massive bombardment for over a month the
    U.S. began a ground offensive from Saudi Arabia
    against Iraq
  • When the Allied armies launched the ground war on
    February 23, the Iraqi occupation forces in
    Kuwait were already beaten.
  • Cut off from their supply bases and headquarters
    by the intense air campaign, thousands of Iraqi
    soldiers simply gave up rather than fight
  • In the few cases where the more elite Iraqi
    forces, such as the Republican Guard, stood and
    fought, superior American, British and French
    equipment and training proved the undoing of the
    Soviet-equipped Iraqis

9
The Persian Gulf War
  • By February 26, U.S. and Allied Arab forces,
    along with the underground Kuwaiti Resistance,
    controlled Kuwait City
  • Allied air forces pounded the retreating Iraqi
    occupation army.
  • In southern Iraq, Allied armored forces stood at
    the Euphrates River near Basra
  • internal rebellions began to break out against
    Saddam's regime.
  • On February 27, President Bush ordered a
    cease-fire and the surviving Iraqi troops were
    allowed to escape back into southern Iraq.
  • On March 3, 1991, Iraq accepted the terms of the
    cease-fire and the fighting ended

10
CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT
  • 1. Saddam's second war of foreign conquest ended
    even worse than the first one. Iraq again stood
    defeated with the liberation of Kuwait.
  • 2. Despite the crushing defeat and subsequent
    Shiite and Kurdish rebellions, Saddam's
    government retained a strong grip on power in
    Iraq.
  • 3. As a result of the cease-fire terms, Iraq had
    to accept the imposition of "no-fly zones" over
    her territory and United Nations weapons
    inspection teams sifting through her nuclear and
    other weapons programs.
  • 4. The economic and trade sanctions begun during
    the war continued until the Iraqi War of 2003,
    and contributed to severe economic hardships in
    Iraq. Some reports say hundreds of thousands of
    children have died due to the sanctions. There
    are no indications that the government or
    military suffer undo hardships.

11
CASUALTY FIGURES
  • Iraq Original figures listed 100,000 Iraqi
    military dead, but more recent estimates place
    Iraqi dead at 20,000 military and 2,300 civilian.
     
  • United States 148 killed in action, 458 wounded.
    Also, 121 Americans died through non-combat
    incidents.

12
"Did the Coalition forces quit too soon?"
  • In the negotiations following the close of active
    campaigning the Iraqis were allowed to withdraw
    many of their units relatively intact.
  • Saddam Hussein was allowed to remain in power in
    Iraq
  • Had the ground campaign been taken to its logical
    conclusion, the Iraqi war machine would have been
    quickly dismantled
  • President Bush and other Allied leaders had more
    to consider than military matters
  • Politically the coalition was beginning to differ
    on whether total defeat of Iraq was a wise move
  • Iraq had been the only power to stand in the way
    of the Iranian war machine making a conquest of
    all of Arabia
  • Many felt it would not be wise to completely
    humiliate a buffer between Iran and Arabia.
  • Second, as evil as Saddam was perceived to be in
    much of the Western World, he was perceived as a
    hero by many in the Middle East, for example the
    Palestinians and Jordanians.
  • Thus Saddam's complete destruction, besides
    upsetting the balance of power in the Middle
    East, might antagonize other pro-western
    Middle-Eastern states.
  • Finally, there is a certain brotherhood that
    Arabs feel for one another, even when arrayed as
    enemies on a battlefield.
  • Even an aggressor, as Iraq had surely been
    during this conflict, could not morally be
    crushed.

13
Problems on the Domestic Front
  • While the Persian Gulf War spiked President
    Bushs popularity to 89 a recession that began
    in 1990 began to drag those numbers down
  • Bush was forced to raise taxes in spite of his
    campaign pledge
  • His approval rating dipped to 40 by 1992
  • Bushs opponent in the 1992 election was little
    known Arkansas Governor William Jefferson Clinton

President George H. Bush
Governor Bill Clinton
14
The Election of 1992
  • After the U.S. victory in the Persian Gulf War in
    1991 the country entered an economic recession
  • President Bush struggled to convince the nation
    he had a clear strategy to create jobs end the
    recession
  • Arkansas Gov. Bill Clinton campaigned as the
    candidate to lead the country out of its
    economic problems
  • A Third Party candidate H. Ross Perot, a Texas
    billionaire ran against Bush Clinton
  • With his no nonsense style Perot claimed that
    Its time to take out the trash and clean up the
    barn.
  • Perot announced that the federal budget deficit
    was the nations 1 problem
  • Federal Deficit when a govt has to borrow money
    to meet its spending commitments
  • Ross Perot was extremely flamboyant bought air
    time on national television on several occasions
    to speak to the American people

President Bush
Governor Clinton
Billionaire Ross Perot
Former President Ronald Reagan speaking at the
1992 Republican National Convention
15
Ross Perot
16
The Election of 1992
  • On election day the 46 year old Gov. Clinton
    received 43 of the popular vote while Pres. Bush
    received only 38
  • Ross Perot received an impressive 19
  • In the Electoral College Clinton won the
    Presidency with a 370 to 168 tally
  • Republicans claim that Perots campaign
    conservative leaning ideas stole votes possibly
    the election from President Bush

17
The New Democrat
  • President Clintons strategy to move more
  • toward the center of the political spectrum
  • rather than hardcore Democratic ideals
  • allowed him to win the election
  • He promised to move away from more
  • traditional Democratic policies
  • Emphasizing the need to move people off of
    welfare
  • Called for the growth of private business as a
    means of economic progress
  • Clinton worked to make the Democratic party more
    moderate to incorporate a broader base
  • During the 1990s this strategy was extremely
    successful

18
Balanced Budget Economic Boom
  • President Clinton along with the
    Republican-controlled congress was able to reduce
    the federal budget deficit
  • By the end of Clintons Presidency the federal
    government had a surplus and was actually paying
    down part of the 5.5 trillion deficit
  • Most of the credit for the burgeoning surplus was
    due to the booming economy that took off about
    the time President Clinton took office
  • Unemployment fell and the stock market soared
  • This brought in large amounts of new revenue
    fewer people were in need of federal aid

19
Oklahoma City Federal Building
20
Terrorism Crime
  • In 1993 terrorists had exploded bombs in the
    World Trade Center in New York City
  • Osama Bin Laden an Arab terrorists was suspected
    of being behind the attack
  • In 1995 a bomb destroyed the Oklahoma City
    federal office building
  • Killing 168 children, women, men
  • Timothy McVeigh, an American veteran of the gulf
    war was found guilty of the bombing executed
    under the federal death penalty in 2001

Above Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma
City Below Timothy McVeigh
21
Columbine
  • In April of 1999 two Colorado students from
    Columbine High School killed 12 and wounded 23
    classmates and a teacher before shooting
    themselves
  • Many copycat crimes occurred to a lesser degree
    after Columbine

Security Camera footage of Columbine shooters
22
Kosovo
23
Foreign Policy
  • In 1991 Yugoslavia broke apart into 5 nations
    (Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Macedonia)
  • In Bosnia the Serbs began ethnic cleansing ?
    the killing or expelling from their homes of
    certain ethnic groups
  • In 1995 the U.S. helped to negotiate a peace
    agreement in Bosnia
  • Clinton sent U.S. troops to join NATO to keep the
    peace
  • In 1998 Serb forces attacked ethnic Albanians in
    the Serb province of Kosovo
  • The U.S. its NATO allies launched air strikes
    against Serbian targets in 1999 forcing Serbs to
    back down
  • American troops once again stayed to ensure the
    peace

U.S. soldiers looking at mass graves in
Kosovo Slobodan Milosevic the leader of the Serbs
24
The Global Economy
  • Believing that trade would help to strengthen the
    U.S. economy President Clinton pushed for the
    North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  • This legislation would add Mexico into the Free
    trade zone the U.S. Canada had already formed
  • Proponents of NAFTA claimed that it would
    strengthen all three economies and bring more
    jobs to the U.S.
  • Opponents of NAFTA claimed that it would transfer
    American jobs to Mexico where wages were lower
    had lower environmental standards
  • The Treaty was ratified by all three countries in
    1993 and took effect on January 1, 1994

25
The Global Economy
  • In the 1990s Americas economy was going through
    a number of changes
  • One of those changes was the explosion of jobs in
    the service sector
  • The part of the economy that provides services to
    customers
  • By 2000 nearly 80 of Americas workers were
    teachers, medical professionals, lawyers,
    engineers, store clerks, mechanics, etc
  • Low-Paying jobs such as sales and fast-food grew
    the fastest
  • These jobs were often part time and offered
    limited benefits
  • Companies began hiring part time or temporary
    workers and began downsizing to trim payrolls
    rather than spend money on full time salaries and
    benefits
  • By 1998 1/4th of all U.S. workers were part-time
    or temporary
  • Of those part-time workers young workers were hit
    the hardest
  • By 1999 11 of all workers 16-24 were unemployed
  • 3 out of every 4 young Americans expect to earn
    less money than their parents do
  • This trend would lead to a recession in the first
    part of the 21st century

26
Economic Shift
  • The U.S. economy had shifted from an agrarian
    society to a manufacturing economy in the middle
    part of the 20th century
  • In the later part it began to shift from a
    manufacturing to a service economy as people
    become more productive
  • In 1992 140,000 steel workers were able to do the
    job that it took 240,000 to do just 10 year
    earlier
  • The lack of manufacturing jobs also spurred a
    drop in Union membership ? from 34 in 1945 to
    14 in 1998
  • The increase use of computers and computer-driven
    robots in manufacturing led to a vibrant
    high-tech economy
  • That economy needed advanced training and
    specialized technical skills

Year Farming Manufacturing Service Producing
1900 11,050,000 7,252,000 6,832,000
1950 6,001,000 18,475,000 20,721,000
2006 (Projected) 3,618,000 24,451,000 111,867,000
27
High-Tech Industries
  • In the late 1990s entrepreneurs made huge
  • personal fortunes in the computer industry
  • Trying to follow in the footsteps of Bill Gates
    who
  • by 2000 was the wealthiest individual in the
    world ?
  • worth an estimated 60 billion
  • The internet spawned a multitude of new
    businesses in the late 90s
  • The NASDAQ (National Association of Securities
    Dealers Automated Quotation System) a technology
    dominated stock index on Wall Street rose
    dramatically as these new dotcoms prospered
  • Dotcoms companies that are based over the
    internet domain name ended in (.com)
  • As a few of these companies became successful a
    flood of dotcom companies began sprouting
  • These companies were able to capitalize on the
    novelty of dotcoms to secure funding on untested
    ideas
  • These companies spent millions initially and
    attracted young talent high initial profits as
    their stocks rose disproportional to their
    success

28
The Information Superhighway
  • The birth of the internet revolutionized
  • information communication
  • It linked people and institutions all over the
  • nation and the world
  • Vice-President Al Gore was in charge of the
  • government control of the internet
  • The govt would ensure affordable service for
  • everyone, protect privacy and property rights
  • The 1990s enjoyed explosive growth of the
    internet
  • Internet an international network linking
    computers and allowing almost instant transmittal
    of text, images, and sound
  • The Internet was first developed in the 1960s by
    the U.S. Defense Department for defense research
  • Universities jumped on board early to trade
    research
  • The World Wide Web provided a simple visual
    interface for worlds and pictures to be seen by
    an unlimited audience
  • Businesses, schools, and organizations began
    using the web as a primary form of communication

29
The Internet
  • Electronic connections allowed users to access an
    array of media, from streaming video to research
    archives, from on-line shopping catalogs to
    customized news broadcasts
  • By 2000 97 million Americans used the internet
    regularly to send email, share music, or browse
    web pages
  • Cellular phones, internet technology made instant
    communication possible from almost anywhere

30
The Global Economy
  • At the beginning of the century information was
    slow to move without airplanes or telephone
    service U.S. trade with the rest of the world was
    about 2.2 billion (12 of the economy)
  • By the end of the century with supersonic jets,
    fax machines, computers, internet the U.S.
    trade with other countries was about 2 trillion
    dollars (25 of the economy)
  • As American companies competed for international
    markets American workers suddenly had to compete
    with international workers

31
Government the Internet
  • In 1994 the Federal Communications Commission
    (FCC) began to auction the valuable rights to
    airwaves and collected over 9 billion
  • Congress then passed the Telecommunications Act
    of 1996 removing barriers that had previously
    prevented one type of communications company from
    starting up or buying another related one
  • This allowed for companies like Walt Disney and
    ABC to merge into a major media conglomerate
  • Congress also called for a V-chip in television
    sets ? a computer chip that would enable parents
    to block TV programs that they deemed
    inappropriate for their children

32
Scientific Advancements
  • The 1990s saw a boom in computer technology
  • Visual imaging and artificial intelligence were
    combined to create virtual reality
  • This was used for flight simulators, allowed
    doctors to operate on patients hundreds of miles
    away, architects to make virtual models of
    buildings, meteorologists to forecast weather
    with surprising accuracy
  • IBMs Deep Blue computer defeated chess champion
    Garry Kasparov in 1997

Garry Kasparov playing chess against Deep Blue
33
Space Exploration
  • In the 1990s NASA expanded our view of the
    universe
  • In 1997 NASAs Pathfinder transmitted live
    pictures from the surface of Mars
  • Shuttle missions concentrated on research after
    the building of the International Space Station
  • This provided scientists with a zero gravity
    laboratory for research in medicine, space
    mechanics and architecture
  • In 1993 the crew of the Endeavour
  • repaired the Hubble Space Telescope
  • which sends back pictures from
  • deep space
  • In late 1995 astronomers discovered a planet
  • orbiting the fourth closest star to Earth
  • The first planet to be detected outside our solar
  • system
  • There have been dozens detected since

34
Biotechnology
  • The Human Genome Project, an international effort
    to map the genes of the human body announced in
    2000 that they had sequenced nearly all of the
    human genome
  • Cooperation via the internet and access to
    computerized databases by multiple research
    groups greatly sped up this process
  • The human genome is comprised of over 3 billion
    chemical letters of the genetic DNA code
  • Molecular biologists believed that this genetic
    map would offer the key to treating many
    inherited diseases

35
Cloning
  • In 1997 Scottish researchers cloned Dolly the
    Sheep from one cell of an adult sheep
  • Later in Oregon two Rhesus monkeys were cloned
  • Many people wondered in human cloning would be
    next
  • This all raised serious social questions
  • Gene therapy, artificial human chromosomes,
    testing embryos for genetic defects
  • These caused heated debates among scientists,
    ethicists, religious leaders, and politicians
  • The Use of Genetic engineering the artificial
    changing of the molecular biology of organisms
    cells to alter an organism became an issue
  • The FDA (Federal Department of Agriculture)
    stated that genetically engineered foods are safe
    and that they require no extra labeling
  • Scientists in the late 1990s modified corn and
    rice to provide resistance to pests and increase
    nutritional value

Above Dolly the Sheep Below Rhesus monkey
36
International Competition
  • In the 1990s U.S. businesses frequently moved
    their operations to less economically advanced
    countries such as Mexico where wages were lower
  • After NAFTA 100,000 U.S. low-wage jobs were lost
    in manufacturing industries such as apparel, auto
    parts, electronics
  • Competition with foreign markets also caused many
    U.S. companies to maintain low wages
  • Businesses were also able to avoid the
    environmental restrictions of more developed
    nations like the U.S.

37
Contract with America
  • In 1994 Republican congressman Newt Gingrich
  • drafted a document called Contract with America
  • This document contained 10 items that Republicans
  • promised to pass if they won control of congress
    in the
  • 1994 congressional elections ? Among these were
  • Congressional term limits
  • A balanced budget amendment
  • Constitutionally guaranteeing a balanced budget
    every year
  • Tax cuts
  • Tougher crime laws
  • Welfare reform
  • In the November 1994 elections the Republicans
    handed the Democrats a humiliating defeat
  • Voters gave Republicans control of both houses of
    Congress for the first time since 1954
  • Newt Gingrich was chosen as the new Speaker of
    the House

Newt Gingrich
38
Partisan Politics
  • President Clinton the Republican controlled
    Congress clashed
  • Clinton opposed Republican budgets that slowed
    federal programs such as Social Security and
    Medicaid
  • President Clinton the Republicans refused to
    compromise
  • Pres. Clinton refused to sign the smaller
    Republican budget and the Republicans refused to
    pass the larger Clinton budget
  • The Federal Government was then forced to shut
    down for almost a week in November of 1995 and
    again later that next year
  • Without a new budget passed the government
    couldnt pay federal employees (post office,
    department employees, etc.)

39
The Election of 1996
  • The strong economy helped raise Pres. Clintons
    popularity entering the 1996 Presidential
    election
  • President Clinton was opposed by Kansas Senator
    Bob Dole and once again Reform Party candidate
    Ross Perot
  • President Clinton won the election with 49 of
    the popular vote
  • The electoral spread was 379 to 159
  • Once again Republicans claim
  • that Perots candidacy hurt
  • the Republican Dole

President Bill Clinton
Senator Bob Dole
RedDemocrat ? BlueRepublican
Billionaire Ross Perot
40
Presidential Scandals
  • During the late 1970s President Clinton was
    involved in a land deal with the Whitewater
    Development Company of Arkansas
  • He was accused of improperly using some of the
    land money to fund his 1984 gubernatorial
    reelection campaign
  • In August of 1994 a federal court appointed
    Kenneth Starr as the independent counsel to
    investigate the matter
  • During his investigation Starr expanded his probe
    of Bill Clinton to matters unrelated to Whitewater

President Clinton
Hillary Rodham-Clinton
Kenneth Starr
41
The Lewinsky Scandal
  • In his investigation Kenneth Starr learned that
    President Clinton had been involved in a sexual
    relationship with a White House intern named
    Monica Lewinsky
  • Soon several women went public with sexual
    harassment affair charges against Pres. Clinton
    including Paula Jones before the 1992 election
  • Clinton had also lied about this affair under
    oath
  • In August of 1998 President Clinton admitted in a
    national address that he
  • had engaged in an improper relation-
  • ship with the Monica Lewinsky

Monica Lewinsky
Investigator Kenneth Starr
White House photograph of Pres. Clinton with
Lewinsky ?
42
Presidential Scandals
  • Clinton admitted in a deposition filed in
    connection with Paula Jones civil suit that he
    had had an affair with Gennifer Flowers, an
    Arkansas reporter and beauty queen. Flowers'
    allegations that the affair had occurred nearly
    derailed Clinton's presidential bid in 1992.
  • Kathleen Willey a financial supporter of
    President Clintons campaign said on "60 Minutes"
    that in 1993 the president sexually harassed her
  • Dolly Kyle Browning announced about the same time
    that she had had an on going affair with Bill
    Clinton from their high school days up until 1992
    when Clinton halted the affair to run for
    President

Paula Jones
Kathleen Willey
Gennifer Flowers
Dolly Kyle Browning
43
Impeachment
  • Despite President Clintons high job
  • approval ratings the House of Reps.
  • acted on Clintons perjury charges
  • In December of 1998 the House approved
  • two articles of impeachment
  • Charging the President with perjury and
    obstruction of justice
  • Pres. Clinton became only the 2nd President and
    the first in 130 years to face a trial in the
    Senate
  • The Senate opened its trial of President Clinton
    in January of 1999
  • A month later the Senate fell short
  • of the Super majority (67 or 2/3)
  • of the votes needed to convict
  • him kick him out of office
  • President Clinton remained in
  • office to finish out the last two
  • years of his term

Congressional Hearings on Impeachment
44
2000 Election
Ralph Nader
Gov. Bush
VP Gore
  • To finish the millennium the United States had
    one of the closest and most controversial
    Presidential elections in history
  • Vice President Al Gore was the Democratic nominee
  • Texas Governor George W. Bush was the Republican
    nominee
  • Ralph Nader ran for the Green Party
  • A liberal party with an emphasis on the
    environment

45
Election Night
  • Election night was chaotic
  • Al Gore took the early lead as reports came in
  • Late in the evening the major news networks, NBC,
    CBS, ABC, CNN racing to be the first, declared Al
    Gore to be the winner
  • Then as the results kept coming in the networks
    retracted their prediction and declared the race
    too close to call

46
Election Night
  • After midnight it was clear that the entire
    election would be determined by the outcome of
    Florida
  • At 2 am the networks called the election for Gov.
    Bush in Florida and presumably the Presidency
  • As the final votes came in however Gov. Bushs
    margin got tighter and once again the networks
    changed and called the election too close to
    call

47
The Next Morning
  • As the results were tabulated the next day Al
    Gore won the popular vote by a mere 500,000 out
    of 105 million (.4 margin)
  • Dispute raged in Florida as the vote tally showed
    a thin lead by Gov. Bush but overseas ballots
    (military, students abroad, etc) had not yet
    been counted
  • With the results that tight a
  • mandatory recount was
  • started in Florida to make
  • sure the vote
  • totals were
  • correct

48
Florida Recount
  • In the weeks following the start of the recount
    controversy raged
  • Lawyers and spokespeople for both candidates
    rushed to Florida and a media storm ensued
  • The first recount gave Bush a 500 vote victory
  • The Gore campaign demanded manual recounts
  • The Bush campaign feared fraud might take place
    in a manual recount
  • Some controversy was also apparent when some
    ballots were throw out for being incorrectly
    filled out
  • And a large number of votes for a 3rd party made
    people suspicious of voter ignorance

49
Supreme Court gets involved
  • On December 12th a month into the manual recounts
    the Supreme Court ordered them stopped
  • A manual recount lacked a uniform standard on how
    to recount and didnt protect equal protection
    of voters rights according to the Supreme Court
  • So the first recount results became official and
    Governor Bush won the presidency

50
Final Tally
  • Results in New Mexico, Oregon
  • were also disputed and had recounts as well
  • Both states going to Vice President Gore
  • President Bush took all 25 electoral votes from
    Florida to win the Presidency 271 electoral votes
    to 266

Florida Totals Bush Gore
Popular Vote 2, 912,790 2,912,253
48.85 48.84
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