Title: The 1990
1The 1990s the Information Age
2The Persian Gulf War
- Amid growing tension between the two Persian Gulf
neighbors, Saddam Hussein concluded that the
United States and the rest of the outside world
would not interfere to defend Kuwait. - On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait
and quickly seized control of the small nation. - Within days, the United States, along with the
United Nations, demanded Iraq's immediate
withdrawal. - U.S. and other UN member nations began deploying
troops in Saudi Arabia within the week, and the
world-wide coalition began to form under UN
authority
Below Kuwaiti oil wells on fire
3The Persian Gulf War
- On August 2, 1990 Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait ?
looting it then began to head towards Saudi
Arabia its rich oil fields - If Iraq conquered Saudi Arabia as well as Kuwait
it would control ½ of the worlds oil supply - President Bush and Sec. of State James Baker
organized an international coalition against
Iraqi aggression - To liberate Kuwait
- President Bush launched Operation Desert Storm
- on January 16, 1991 the United States his
allies staged a massive air assault against Iraq
4Key Players
- The leader of the UN Coalition was General H.
Norman Schwarzkopf - The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was
Colin Powell - The Secretary of Defense was Dick Cheney
- The Secretary of State who successfully organized
the UN coalition was James Baker
Gen. Schwarzkopf
Gen. Colin Powell
Sec. of Def Cheney
General Powell Sec. Def Cheney Gen.
Schwarzkopf
Sec. of Def Cheney with Chairman of the JCS Powell
Sec. of State Baker ?
5Allied Bombing
6The Persian Gulf War
- The Allied bombing sought to damage Iraq's
infrastructure so as to hinder her ability to
make war while also hurting both civilian and
military morale. - To counter the air attack, Saddam ordered the
launching of his feared SCUD missiles at both
Israel and Saudi Arabia - These SCUD missiles were shot down by the U.S.
Patriot missile defense system
Above Baghdad after U.S. bombing
U.S. Patriot Missile ? ? Iraqi SCUD Missile
7The Ground Offensive
8The Persian Gulf War
- After massive bombardment for over a month the
U.S. began a ground offensive from Saudi Arabia
against Iraq - When the Allied armies launched the ground war on
February 23, the Iraqi occupation forces in
Kuwait were already beaten. - Cut off from their supply bases and headquarters
by the intense air campaign, thousands of Iraqi
soldiers simply gave up rather than fight - In the few cases where the more elite Iraqi
forces, such as the Republican Guard, stood and
fought, superior American, British and French
equipment and training proved the undoing of the
Soviet-equipped Iraqis
9The Persian Gulf War
- By February 26, U.S. and Allied Arab forces,
along with the underground Kuwaiti Resistance,
controlled Kuwait City - Allied air forces pounded the retreating Iraqi
occupation army. - In southern Iraq, Allied armored forces stood at
the Euphrates River near Basra - internal rebellions began to break out against
Saddam's regime. - On February 27, President Bush ordered a
cease-fire and the surviving Iraqi troops were
allowed to escape back into southern Iraq. - On March 3, 1991, Iraq accepted the terms of the
cease-fire and the fighting ended
10CONSEQUENCES OF CONFLICT
- 1. Saddam's second war of foreign conquest ended
even worse than the first one. Iraq again stood
defeated with the liberation of Kuwait. - 2. Despite the crushing defeat and subsequent
Shiite and Kurdish rebellions, Saddam's
government retained a strong grip on power in
Iraq. - 3. As a result of the cease-fire terms, Iraq had
to accept the imposition of "no-fly zones" over
her territory and United Nations weapons
inspection teams sifting through her nuclear and
other weapons programs. - 4. The economic and trade sanctions begun during
the war continued until the Iraqi War of 2003,
and contributed to severe economic hardships in
Iraq. Some reports say hundreds of thousands of
children have died due to the sanctions. There
are no indications that the government or
military suffer undo hardships.
11CASUALTY FIGURES
- Iraq Original figures listed 100,000 Iraqi
military dead, but more recent estimates place
Iraqi dead at 20,000 military and 2,300 civilian.
- United States 148 killed in action, 458 wounded.
Also, 121 Americans died through non-combat
incidents.
12"Did the Coalition forces quit too soon?"
- In the negotiations following the close of active
campaigning the Iraqis were allowed to withdraw
many of their units relatively intact. - Saddam Hussein was allowed to remain in power in
Iraq - Had the ground campaign been taken to its logical
conclusion, the Iraqi war machine would have been
quickly dismantled - President Bush and other Allied leaders had more
to consider than military matters - Politically the coalition was beginning to differ
on whether total defeat of Iraq was a wise move - Iraq had been the only power to stand in the way
of the Iranian war machine making a conquest of
all of Arabia - Many felt it would not be wise to completely
humiliate a buffer between Iran and Arabia. - Second, as evil as Saddam was perceived to be in
much of the Western World, he was perceived as a
hero by many in the Middle East, for example the
Palestinians and Jordanians. - Thus Saddam's complete destruction, besides
upsetting the balance of power in the Middle
East, might antagonize other pro-western
Middle-Eastern states. - Finally, there is a certain brotherhood that
Arabs feel for one another, even when arrayed as
enemies on a battlefield. - Even an aggressor, as Iraq had surely been
during this conflict, could not morally be
crushed.
13Problems on the Domestic Front
- While the Persian Gulf War spiked President
Bushs popularity to 89 a recession that began
in 1990 began to drag those numbers down - Bush was forced to raise taxes in spite of his
campaign pledge - His approval rating dipped to 40 by 1992
- Bushs opponent in the 1992 election was little
known Arkansas Governor William Jefferson Clinton
President George H. Bush
Governor Bill Clinton
14The Election of 1992
- After the U.S. victory in the Persian Gulf War in
1991 the country entered an economic recession - President Bush struggled to convince the nation
he had a clear strategy to create jobs end the
recession - Arkansas Gov. Bill Clinton campaigned as the
candidate to lead the country out of its
economic problems - A Third Party candidate H. Ross Perot, a Texas
billionaire ran against Bush Clinton - With his no nonsense style Perot claimed that
Its time to take out the trash and clean up the
barn. - Perot announced that the federal budget deficit
was the nations 1 problem - Federal Deficit when a govt has to borrow money
to meet its spending commitments - Ross Perot was extremely flamboyant bought air
time on national television on several occasions
to speak to the American people
President Bush
Governor Clinton
Billionaire Ross Perot
Former President Ronald Reagan speaking at the
1992 Republican National Convention
15Ross Perot
16The Election of 1992
- On election day the 46 year old Gov. Clinton
received 43 of the popular vote while Pres. Bush
received only 38 - Ross Perot received an impressive 19
- In the Electoral College Clinton won the
Presidency with a 370 to 168 tally - Republicans claim that Perots campaign
conservative leaning ideas stole votes possibly
the election from President Bush
17The New Democrat
- President Clintons strategy to move more
- toward the center of the political spectrum
- rather than hardcore Democratic ideals
- allowed him to win the election
- He promised to move away from more
- traditional Democratic policies
- Emphasizing the need to move people off of
welfare - Called for the growth of private business as a
means of economic progress - Clinton worked to make the Democratic party more
moderate to incorporate a broader base - During the 1990s this strategy was extremely
successful
18Balanced Budget Economic Boom
- President Clinton along with the
Republican-controlled congress was able to reduce
the federal budget deficit - By the end of Clintons Presidency the federal
government had a surplus and was actually paying
down part of the 5.5 trillion deficit - Most of the credit for the burgeoning surplus was
due to the booming economy that took off about
the time President Clinton took office - Unemployment fell and the stock market soared
- This brought in large amounts of new revenue
fewer people were in need of federal aid
19Oklahoma City Federal Building
20Terrorism Crime
- In 1993 terrorists had exploded bombs in the
World Trade Center in New York City - Osama Bin Laden an Arab terrorists was suspected
of being behind the attack - In 1995 a bomb destroyed the Oklahoma City
federal office building - Killing 168 children, women, men
- Timothy McVeigh, an American veteran of the gulf
war was found guilty of the bombing executed
under the federal death penalty in 2001
Above Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma
City Below Timothy McVeigh
21Columbine
- In April of 1999 two Colorado students from
Columbine High School killed 12 and wounded 23
classmates and a teacher before shooting
themselves - Many copycat crimes occurred to a lesser degree
after Columbine
Security Camera footage of Columbine shooters
22Kosovo
23Foreign Policy
- In 1991 Yugoslavia broke apart into 5 nations
(Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Macedonia) - In Bosnia the Serbs began ethnic cleansing ?
the killing or expelling from their homes of
certain ethnic groups - In 1995 the U.S. helped to negotiate a peace
agreement in Bosnia - Clinton sent U.S. troops to join NATO to keep the
peace - In 1998 Serb forces attacked ethnic Albanians in
the Serb province of Kosovo - The U.S. its NATO allies launched air strikes
against Serbian targets in 1999 forcing Serbs to
back down - American troops once again stayed to ensure the
peace
U.S. soldiers looking at mass graves in
Kosovo Slobodan Milosevic the leader of the Serbs
24The Global Economy
- Believing that trade would help to strengthen the
U.S. economy President Clinton pushed for the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - This legislation would add Mexico into the Free
trade zone the U.S. Canada had already formed - Proponents of NAFTA claimed that it would
strengthen all three economies and bring more
jobs to the U.S. - Opponents of NAFTA claimed that it would transfer
American jobs to Mexico where wages were lower
had lower environmental standards - The Treaty was ratified by all three countries in
1993 and took effect on January 1, 1994
25The Global Economy
- In the 1990s Americas economy was going through
a number of changes - One of those changes was the explosion of jobs in
the service sector - The part of the economy that provides services to
customers - By 2000 nearly 80 of Americas workers were
teachers, medical professionals, lawyers,
engineers, store clerks, mechanics, etc - Low-Paying jobs such as sales and fast-food grew
the fastest - These jobs were often part time and offered
limited benefits - Companies began hiring part time or temporary
workers and began downsizing to trim payrolls
rather than spend money on full time salaries and
benefits - By 1998 1/4th of all U.S. workers were part-time
or temporary - Of those part-time workers young workers were hit
the hardest - By 1999 11 of all workers 16-24 were unemployed
- 3 out of every 4 young Americans expect to earn
less money than their parents do - This trend would lead to a recession in the first
part of the 21st century
26Economic Shift
- The U.S. economy had shifted from an agrarian
society to a manufacturing economy in the middle
part of the 20th century - In the later part it began to shift from a
manufacturing to a service economy as people
become more productive - In 1992 140,000 steel workers were able to do the
job that it took 240,000 to do just 10 year
earlier - The lack of manufacturing jobs also spurred a
drop in Union membership ? from 34 in 1945 to
14 in 1998 - The increase use of computers and computer-driven
robots in manufacturing led to a vibrant
high-tech economy - That economy needed advanced training and
specialized technical skills
Year Farming Manufacturing Service Producing
1900 11,050,000 7,252,000 6,832,000
1950 6,001,000 18,475,000 20,721,000
2006 (Projected) 3,618,000 24,451,000 111,867,000
27High-Tech Industries
- In the late 1990s entrepreneurs made huge
- personal fortunes in the computer industry
- Trying to follow in the footsteps of Bill Gates
who - by 2000 was the wealthiest individual in the
world ? - worth an estimated 60 billion
- The internet spawned a multitude of new
businesses in the late 90s - The NASDAQ (National Association of Securities
Dealers Automated Quotation System) a technology
dominated stock index on Wall Street rose
dramatically as these new dotcoms prospered - Dotcoms companies that are based over the
internet domain name ended in (.com) - As a few of these companies became successful a
flood of dotcom companies began sprouting - These companies were able to capitalize on the
novelty of dotcoms to secure funding on untested
ideas - These companies spent millions initially and
attracted young talent high initial profits as
their stocks rose disproportional to their
success
28The Information Superhighway
- The birth of the internet revolutionized
- information communication
- It linked people and institutions all over the
- nation and the world
- Vice-President Al Gore was in charge of the
- government control of the internet
- The govt would ensure affordable service for
- everyone, protect privacy and property rights
- The 1990s enjoyed explosive growth of the
internet - Internet an international network linking
computers and allowing almost instant transmittal
of text, images, and sound - The Internet was first developed in the 1960s by
the U.S. Defense Department for defense research - Universities jumped on board early to trade
research - The World Wide Web provided a simple visual
interface for worlds and pictures to be seen by
an unlimited audience - Businesses, schools, and organizations began
using the web as a primary form of communication
29The Internet
- Electronic connections allowed users to access an
array of media, from streaming video to research
archives, from on-line shopping catalogs to
customized news broadcasts - By 2000 97 million Americans used the internet
regularly to send email, share music, or browse
web pages - Cellular phones, internet technology made instant
communication possible from almost anywhere
30The Global Economy
- At the beginning of the century information was
slow to move without airplanes or telephone
service U.S. trade with the rest of the world was
about 2.2 billion (12 of the economy) - By the end of the century with supersonic jets,
fax machines, computers, internet the U.S.
trade with other countries was about 2 trillion
dollars (25 of the economy) - As American companies competed for international
markets American workers suddenly had to compete
with international workers
31Government the Internet
- In 1994 the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) began to auction the valuable rights to
airwaves and collected over 9 billion - Congress then passed the Telecommunications Act
of 1996 removing barriers that had previously
prevented one type of communications company from
starting up or buying another related one - This allowed for companies like Walt Disney and
ABC to merge into a major media conglomerate - Congress also called for a V-chip in television
sets ? a computer chip that would enable parents
to block TV programs that they deemed
inappropriate for their children
32Scientific Advancements
- The 1990s saw a boom in computer technology
- Visual imaging and artificial intelligence were
combined to create virtual reality - This was used for flight simulators, allowed
doctors to operate on patients hundreds of miles
away, architects to make virtual models of
buildings, meteorologists to forecast weather
with surprising accuracy - IBMs Deep Blue computer defeated chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
Garry Kasparov playing chess against Deep Blue
33 Space Exploration
- In the 1990s NASA expanded our view of the
universe - In 1997 NASAs Pathfinder transmitted live
pictures from the surface of Mars - Shuttle missions concentrated on research after
the building of the International Space Station - This provided scientists with a zero gravity
laboratory for research in medicine, space
mechanics and architecture - In 1993 the crew of the Endeavour
- repaired the Hubble Space Telescope
- which sends back pictures from
- deep space
- In late 1995 astronomers discovered a planet
- orbiting the fourth closest star to Earth
- The first planet to be detected outside our solar
- system
- There have been dozens detected since
34Biotechnology
- The Human Genome Project, an international effort
to map the genes of the human body announced in
2000 that they had sequenced nearly all of the
human genome - Cooperation via the internet and access to
computerized databases by multiple research
groups greatly sped up this process - The human genome is comprised of over 3 billion
chemical letters of the genetic DNA code - Molecular biologists believed that this genetic
map would offer the key to treating many
inherited diseases
35Cloning
- In 1997 Scottish researchers cloned Dolly the
Sheep from one cell of an adult sheep - Later in Oregon two Rhesus monkeys were cloned
- Many people wondered in human cloning would be
next - This all raised serious social questions
- Gene therapy, artificial human chromosomes,
testing embryos for genetic defects - These caused heated debates among scientists,
ethicists, religious leaders, and politicians - The Use of Genetic engineering the artificial
changing of the molecular biology of organisms
cells to alter an organism became an issue - The FDA (Federal Department of Agriculture)
stated that genetically engineered foods are safe
and that they require no extra labeling - Scientists in the late 1990s modified corn and
rice to provide resistance to pests and increase
nutritional value
Above Dolly the Sheep Below Rhesus monkey
36International Competition
- In the 1990s U.S. businesses frequently moved
their operations to less economically advanced
countries such as Mexico where wages were lower - After NAFTA 100,000 U.S. low-wage jobs were lost
in manufacturing industries such as apparel, auto
parts, electronics - Competition with foreign markets also caused many
U.S. companies to maintain low wages - Businesses were also able to avoid the
environmental restrictions of more developed
nations like the U.S.
37Contract with America
- In 1994 Republican congressman Newt Gingrich
- drafted a document called Contract with America
- This document contained 10 items that Republicans
- promised to pass if they won control of congress
in the - 1994 congressional elections ? Among these were
- Congressional term limits
- A balanced budget amendment
- Constitutionally guaranteeing a balanced budget
every year - Tax cuts
- Tougher crime laws
- Welfare reform
- In the November 1994 elections the Republicans
handed the Democrats a humiliating defeat - Voters gave Republicans control of both houses of
Congress for the first time since 1954 - Newt Gingrich was chosen as the new Speaker of
the House
Newt Gingrich
38Partisan Politics
- President Clinton the Republican controlled
Congress clashed - Clinton opposed Republican budgets that slowed
federal programs such as Social Security and
Medicaid - President Clinton the Republicans refused to
compromise - Pres. Clinton refused to sign the smaller
Republican budget and the Republicans refused to
pass the larger Clinton budget - The Federal Government was then forced to shut
down for almost a week in November of 1995 and
again later that next year - Without a new budget passed the government
couldnt pay federal employees (post office,
department employees, etc.)
39The Election of 1996
- The strong economy helped raise Pres. Clintons
popularity entering the 1996 Presidential
election - President Clinton was opposed by Kansas Senator
Bob Dole and once again Reform Party candidate
Ross Perot - President Clinton won the election with 49 of
the popular vote - The electoral spread was 379 to 159
- Once again Republicans claim
- that Perots candidacy hurt
- the Republican Dole
President Bill Clinton
Senator Bob Dole
RedDemocrat ? BlueRepublican
Billionaire Ross Perot
40Presidential Scandals
- During the late 1970s President Clinton was
involved in a land deal with the Whitewater
Development Company of Arkansas - He was accused of improperly using some of the
land money to fund his 1984 gubernatorial
reelection campaign - In August of 1994 a federal court appointed
Kenneth Starr as the independent counsel to
investigate the matter - During his investigation Starr expanded his probe
of Bill Clinton to matters unrelated to Whitewater
President Clinton
Hillary Rodham-Clinton
Kenneth Starr
41The Lewinsky Scandal
- In his investigation Kenneth Starr learned that
President Clinton had been involved in a sexual
relationship with a White House intern named
Monica Lewinsky - Soon several women went public with sexual
harassment affair charges against Pres. Clinton
including Paula Jones before the 1992 election - Clinton had also lied about this affair under
oath - In August of 1998 President Clinton admitted in a
national address that he - had engaged in an improper relation-
- ship with the Monica Lewinsky
Monica Lewinsky
Investigator Kenneth Starr
White House photograph of Pres. Clinton with
Lewinsky ?
42Presidential Scandals
- Clinton admitted in a deposition filed in
connection with Paula Jones civil suit that he
had had an affair with Gennifer Flowers, an
Arkansas reporter and beauty queen. Flowers'
allegations that the affair had occurred nearly
derailed Clinton's presidential bid in 1992. - Kathleen Willey a financial supporter of
President Clintons campaign said on "60 Minutes"
that in 1993 the president sexually harassed her - Dolly Kyle Browning announced about the same time
that she had had an on going affair with Bill
Clinton from their high school days up until 1992
when Clinton halted the affair to run for
President
Paula Jones
Kathleen Willey
Gennifer Flowers
Dolly Kyle Browning
43Impeachment
- Despite President Clintons high job
- approval ratings the House of Reps.
- acted on Clintons perjury charges
- In December of 1998 the House approved
- two articles of impeachment
- Charging the President with perjury and
obstruction of justice - Pres. Clinton became only the 2nd President and
the first in 130 years to face a trial in the
Senate - The Senate opened its trial of President Clinton
in January of 1999 - A month later the Senate fell short
- of the Super majority (67 or 2/3)
- of the votes needed to convict
- him kick him out of office
- President Clinton remained in
- office to finish out the last two
- years of his term
Congressional Hearings on Impeachment
442000 Election
Ralph Nader
Gov. Bush
VP Gore
- To finish the millennium the United States had
one of the closest and most controversial
Presidential elections in history - Vice President Al Gore was the Democratic nominee
- Texas Governor George W. Bush was the Republican
nominee - Ralph Nader ran for the Green Party
- A liberal party with an emphasis on the
environment
45Election Night
- Election night was chaotic
- Al Gore took the early lead as reports came in
- Late in the evening the major news networks, NBC,
CBS, ABC, CNN racing to be the first, declared Al
Gore to be the winner - Then as the results kept coming in the networks
retracted their prediction and declared the race
too close to call
46Election Night
- After midnight it was clear that the entire
election would be determined by the outcome of
Florida - At 2 am the networks called the election for Gov.
Bush in Florida and presumably the Presidency - As the final votes came in however Gov. Bushs
margin got tighter and once again the networks
changed and called the election too close to
call
47The Next Morning
- As the results were tabulated the next day Al
Gore won the popular vote by a mere 500,000 out
of 105 million (.4 margin) - Dispute raged in Florida as the vote tally showed
a thin lead by Gov. Bush but overseas ballots
(military, students abroad, etc) had not yet
been counted - With the results that tight a
- mandatory recount was
- started in Florida to make
- sure the vote
- totals were
- correct
48Florida Recount
- In the weeks following the start of the recount
controversy raged - Lawyers and spokespeople for both candidates
rushed to Florida and a media storm ensued - The first recount gave Bush a 500 vote victory
- The Gore campaign demanded manual recounts
- The Bush campaign feared fraud might take place
in a manual recount - Some controversy was also apparent when some
ballots were throw out for being incorrectly
filled out - And a large number of votes for a 3rd party made
people suspicious of voter ignorance
49Supreme Court gets involved
- On December 12th a month into the manual recounts
the Supreme Court ordered them stopped - A manual recount lacked a uniform standard on how
to recount and didnt protect equal protection
of voters rights according to the Supreme Court - So the first recount results became official and
Governor Bush won the presidency
50Final Tally
- Results in New Mexico, Oregon
- were also disputed and had recounts as well
- Both states going to Vice President Gore
- President Bush took all 25 electoral votes from
Florida to win the Presidency 271 electoral votes
to 266
Florida Totals Bush Gore
Popular Vote 2, 912,790 2,912,253
48.85 48.84