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An Attribute Grammar for Tiny

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An Attribute Grammar for Tiny Programming Language Concepts Prepared by Manuel E. Berm dez, Ph.D. Associate Professor University of Florida – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: An Attribute Grammar for Tiny


1
An Attribute Grammar for Tiny
Programming Language Concepts
  • Prepared by
  • Manuel E. Bermúdez, Ph.D.
  • Associate Professor
  • University of Florida

2
An Attribute Grammar for Tiny
  • Tiny a very small Pascal-like language with the
    following
  • Every program is given a name.
  • Variables of type integer.
  • Expressions composed of
  • variables
  • integers
  • intrinsic function "read"
  • boolean operator "not"

3
An Attribute Grammar for Tiny (contd)
  • equality operator ""
  • binary operators "" and "-"
  • unary "-", "not".
  • Assignment statements.
  • Variables must be assigned a value before they
    are used.
  • No declarations.

4
An Attribute Grammar for Tiny (contd)
  • Statements
  • if-then-else
  • while
  • statement sequencing ("")
  • output statement.

5
Tinys Syntax
  • Tiny ? 'program' Name '' S 'end' Name '.
    gt 'program'
  • S ? 'assign' Name '' Exp gt 'assign'
  • ? 'output' Exp gt 'output'
  • ? 'if' Exp 'then' S 'else' S 'fi' gt
    'if'
  • ? 'while' Exp 'do' S 'od' gt 'while'
  • ? S list '' gt ''
  • Exp ? Term '' Term gt ''
  • ? Term
  • Term ? Term '' Factor gt ''
  • ? Term '-' Factor gt '-'
  • ? Factor

6
Tinys Syntax (contd)
  • Factor ? '-' Factor gt '-'
  • ? 'not' Factor gt 'not'
  • ? Name
  • ? 'read' gt 'read'
  • ? 'ltintegergt'
  • ? '(' Expression ')'
  • Name ? 'ltidentifiergt'

7
Sample Tiny Program
  • Copies 10 integers from input to output
  • program copy
  • assign i 1
  • while not (i11) do
  • output read
  • assign i i 1
  • od
  • end copy.

8
AST Grammar for Tiny
  • P ? lt'program' 'ltidentifiergt' E 'ltidentifiergt'gt
  • E ? lt'assign' 'ltidentifiergt' Egt
  • ? lt'output' Egt
  • ? lt'if' E E Egt
  • ? lt'while' E Egt
  • ? lt'' Egt
  • ? lt'not' Egt
  • ? lt'' E Egt
  • ? lt'' E Egt
  • ? lt'-' E Egt
  • ? lt'-' Egt
  • ? 'ltidentifiergt'
  • ? 'ltintegergt'
  • ? 'read'

9
Note
  • AST grammar simplified.
  • No distinction between expressions and
    statements.
  • Our attribute grammar will specify the
    translation (compilation) of Tiny programs to
    assembly for an abstract machine.

10
Target Machine Instruction Set
  • PC 1
  • Next
  • case CodePC of
  • save n stackn stacktop--
  • load n stacktop stackn
  • negate stacktop -stacktop
  • not stacktop not stacktop
  • add t stacktop-- stacktop
    stacktop t
  • subtract t stacktop-- stacktop
    stacktop - t
  • equal t stacktop-- stacktop
    stacktop t

11
Target Machine Instruction Set (contd)
  • read stacktop getinteger(input)
  • print putinteger(stacktop--)
  • lit n stacktop n
  • goto n PC n goto Next
  • iffalse n if stacktop-- 0 then PCn
    goto Next fi
  • iftrue n if stacktop-- 1 then PCn goto
    Next fi
  • stop halt
  • end
  • PC
  • goto Next

12
Target Code for our Sample Tiny Program
program copy assign i 1 while not
(i11) do output read assign i i
1 od end copy.
  • 1 lit 1 i 1
  • 2 load 1 i 11
  • 3 lit 11
  • 4 equal
  • 5 not
  • 6 iffalse 14 while
  • 7 read
  • 8 print
  • 9 load 1 i i 1
  • 10 lit 1
  • 11 add
  • 12 save 1
  • 13 goto 2 od
  • 14 stop end

13
Semantic Errors
  • Variables used before being initialized.
  • Non-boolean expression in "while", "not", or
    "if".
  • Non-integer expression in "", "-", or "".
  • Program names do not match.

14
Data Structures Required
  • Declaration table.
  • Function enter(name,l).
  • Binds "name" with stack location "l".
  • Returns "l".
  • Function lookup(name).
  • Returns the location of "name" .
  • Returns 0 if "name" is not found.

15
Data Structures Required (contd)
  • Files.
  • Function gen(file, arg1 , ..., argn). Writes a
    new line to "file". The line contains arg1 ,
    ..., argn. Returns the new, modified file.
  • function Open. Creates a new file.
  • function Close. Closes a file.

16
Attributes
  • code File of code generated.
  • next Label of the next instruction
  • on the code file.
  • error File of semantic errors.
  • top Current (predicted) size
  • of run-time stack.
  • type Type of subtree. Used for
    type-checking.

17
Attributes (contd)
  • ALL attributes are both synthesized and
    inherited.
  • Convention
  • a ? is the synthesized attribute a.
  • a ? is the inherited attribute a.

18
Synthesized and Inherited Attributes
  • S(program) code ?, error ?
  • I(program)
  • S(assign) code ?, next ?, error ?, top ?,
    type ?
  • I(assign) code ?, next ?, error ?, top ?
  • All other nodes
  • Same synthesized and inherited attributes as
    "assign".

19
Synthesized and Inherited Attributes
  • Most nodes have
  • Four inherited attributes (all except type ?).
  • All five synthesized attributes.
  • One exception
  • "program" node
  • no inherited attributes.
  • two synthesized attributes code ? and error ?.

20
Tree Walking Assumptions
  • Top-down on the left,
  • Bottom-up on the right.
  • Defaults
  • If axiom is missing, assume
  • no kids a ?(?) a ?(?)
  • n kids
  • a ?(1) a ?(?)
  • a ?(i) a ?(i-1), for 1 lt i lt n
  • a ?(?) a ?(n)

21
Tiny's Attribute Grammar
  • E ? 'ltintegergtn'
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(?), "lit", "n")
  • next ?(?) next ?(?) 1
  • top ?(?) top ?(?) 1
  • type ?(?) "integer"

22
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23
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? 'ltidentifierxgt'
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(?), "load",
    lookup("x"))
  • next ?(?) next ?(?) 1
  • top ?(?) top ?(?) 1
  • type ?(?) "integer"
  • error ?(?) if lookup("x") 0
  • then gen (error ?(?),
  • "identifier un-initialized")
  • else error ?(?)

24
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25
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? read
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(?), "read")
  • next ?(?) next ?(?) 1
  • top ?(?) top ?(?) 1
  • type ?(?) "integer"

26
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27
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? lt - E gt
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(1), "negate")
  • next ?(?) next ?(1) 1
  • type ?(?) "integer"
  • error ?(?) if type ?(1) "integer"
  • then error ?(1)
  • else gen (error ?(1),
  • Illegal type for
    minus"))

28
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29
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? ltnot E gt
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(1), not")
  • next ?(?) next ?(1) 1
  • type ?(?) boolean"
  • error ?(?) if type ?(1) boolean"
  • then error ?(1)
  • else gen (error ?(1),
  • "Illegal type for
    not")

30
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31
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? lt E E gt
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(2), "add")
  • next ?(?) next ?(2) 1
  • top ?(?) top ?(2) - 1
  • type ?(?) "integer"
  • error ?(?) if type ?(1)type ?(2) "integer"
  • then error ?(2)
  • else gen (error ?(2),
  • "Illegal type for
    plus")

32
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33
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? lt - E E gt
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(2), subtract")
  • next ?(?) next ?(2) 1
  • top ?(?) top ?(2) - 1
  • type ?(?) "integer"
  • error ?(?) if type ?(1)type ?(2) "integer"
  • then error ?(2)
  • else gen (error ?(2),
  • "Illegal type for minus")

34
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35
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? lt E E gt
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(2), equal")
  • next ?(?) next ?(2) 1
  • type ?(?) boolean"
  • top ?(?) top ?(2) - 1
  • error ?(?) if type ?(1) type ?(2)
  • then error ?(2)
  • else gen (error ?(2),
  • "Type clash in equal comparison")

36
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37
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? lt output E gt
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(1), print")
  • next ?(?) next ?(1) 1
  • top ?(?) top ?(1) - 1
  • type ?(?) statement"
  • error ?(?) if type ?(1) "integer"
  • then error ?(1)
  • else gen (error ?(1),
  • "Illegal type for output")

38
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39
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? lt assign 'ltidentifierxgt' E gt
  • code ?(?) if lookup("x") 0
  • then enter("x",top ?(2)) code ?(2)
  • else gen (code ?(2), "save",
    lookup("x"))
  • next ?(?) if lookup("x") 0
  • then next ?(2)
  • else next ?(2) 1

40
E ? lt assign 'ltidentifierxgt' E gt(contd)
  • top ?(?) if lookup ("x") 0
  • then top ?(2)
  • else top ?(2) - 1
  • error ?(?) if type ?(2) "integer"
  • then error ?(2)
    else gen (error ?(2),
    "Assignment type clash")
  • type ?(?) "statement"

41
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42
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E -gt lt E gt
  • Use Defaults !

43
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? lt if E E E gt
  • code ?(2) gen (code ?(1),"iffalse", next ?(2)
    1)
  • next ?(2) next ?(1) 1
  • top ?(2) top ?(1) - 1
  • code ?(3) gen (code ?(2), "goto", next ?(3))
  • next ?(3) next ?(2) 1
  • error ?(2) if type ?(1) "boolean"
  • then error ?(1)
  • else gen (error ?(1),
  • "Illegal expression for if")

44
E ? lt if E E E gt (contd)
  • error ?(3) if type ?(2) "statement"
  • then error ?(2)
  • else gen (error ?(2),
  • "Statement required for if")
  • error ?(?) if type ?(3) "statement"
  • then error ?(3)
  • else gen (error ?(3),
  • "Statement required for if")

45
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46
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • E ? lt while E E gt
  • code ?(2) gen (code ?(1), "iffalse", next ?(2)
    1)
  • next ?(2) next ?(1) 1
  • top ?(2) top ?(1) - 1
  • code ?(?) gen (code ?(2), "goto", next ?(?))
  • next ?(?) next ?(2) 1
  • type ?(?) "statement"

47
E ? lt while E E gt (contd)
  • error ?(2) if type ?(1) "boolean"
  • then error ?(1)
  • else gen (error ?(1),
  • "Illegal expression in while")
  • error ?(?) if type ?(2) "statement"
  • then error ?(2)
  • else gen (error ?(2),
  • "Statement required in while")

48
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49
Tiny's Attribute Grammar (contd)
  • Tiny ? lt program 'ltidentifierxgt' E
    'ltidentifierygt' gt
  • code ?(2) Open
  • error ?(2) Open
  • next ?(2) 1
  • top ?(2) 0
  • code ?(?) close (gen (code ?(2), "stop"))
  • error ?(?) close (if x y
  • then error ?(2)
  • else gen (error ?(2),
  • "program names don't match")
  • )

50
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51
An Attribute Grammar for Tiny
Programming Language Concepts
  • Prepared by
  • Manuel E. Bermúdez, Ph.D.
  • Associate Professor
  • University of Florida
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