The Reformation

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The Reformation
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Conflict in the Catholic Church

• Abuses in the church
• Worldliness of Renaissance popes
• Poorly educated lower clergy - some illiterate
• Lower clergy having semi-official wives
• Selling of indulgences (pardons for sin)

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Conflict in the Catholic Church

• Reasons for Reform
• The printing press allows the printing of the
  Bible and other literature that allowed people to
  read and interpret for themselves.
• The people began to see abuses and want higher
  standards for clergy. Reform is demanded.

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Martin Luther

• Luther is angered over the sale of indulgences.
• In anger he writes the 95 Theses
• Salvation by faith alone
• The Bible is the only authority for Christian
  life not -the church
• The priesthood of all believers meaning that all
  people can communicate with God as the priests do

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Martin Luther

• Someone took Luthers ideas and printed them with
  the printing press. The document was spread
  across Germany.
• The church was not happy with Luthers ideas and
  he was asked to recant his beliefs.

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Martin Luther

• Luther refused and was excommunicated.
• Charles V tried Luther at the Diet of Worms. The
  result was the Edict of Worms which declared him
  a heretic and an outlaw.
• In spite of this, Luthers ideas took hold and
  began to spread across Germany.

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John Calvin - Switzerland

• Beliefs
• 1. Everyone is sinful, but God can save you
• 2. Predestination - God knows when you are born
  whether you will be saved or not those who are
  saved are called The Elect
• 3. Wanted a theocracy - government ruled by the
  Church
• Followers are known as Calvinists

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John Knox - Scotland

• This reformer put Calvins ideas into practice.
  His followers overthrew their Catholic Queen
  (Mary Stuart) and set up a working theocracy.
• Followers were known as Presbyterians

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Henry VIII - England

• Henry broke from the church when the Pope refused
  to give him a divorce from his wife, Catherine of
  Aragon. Catherine could not produce a male heir
  and Henry wanted to remarry.
• Henry created the Church of England and named
  himself head of the new church.

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Counter - Reformation

• Catholics were concerned about Protestants
  leaving the church so they began their own
  reforms. These reforms are called the counter
  reforms because they come in response to the
  Protestants.
• Pope Paul III called a meeting in Trent.
• The council of Trent decided
• 1. To end the sale of illegal indulgences
• 2. To clarify church rules, practices, and
  beliefs
• 3. To set up more education for priests and
  clergy

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St. Ignatious Loyola

• Founded the Society of Jesus. Members were
  known as Jesuits. The society was run like an
  army. Their mission was to win Protestants back
  to the Catholic Church.