Chapter 6 THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION

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Chapter 6THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION

• This chapter begins a new era in American history
  when people like Thomas Jefferson, John Adams,
  George Washington, Paul Revere, and Patrick Henry
  worked to end British oppression and create an
  independent American Republic. This new era is
  called the Revolutionary Era.

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Big Ideas

• Laws are a reflection of the values and beliefs
  of society and provide stability and order.
• Literature can shape social change.
• Significant events and/or leaders can create
  turning points in history.
• Significant events within a nation can bring
  about a change in a nations laws and structure
  of government.
• Relationships between nations often lead to
  conflict.
• Guiding Questions
• 1. How did British economic policies lead to the
  American Revolution?
• 2. What roles did significant individuals play in
  the American Revolution?

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PROCLAMATION OF 1763

• Proclamation by King George III, stated colonists
  couldn't settle West of the Appalachians
  Mountains.
• CAUSES
• Pontiacs Rebellion French and Indian War
• Britain wanted peace (too expensive to fight
  Native Americans).
• EFFECTS
• Colonists were FURIOUS they felt they had the
  right to settle land and that this was just an
  attempt by the British to have more control over
  them.
• Many colonists had no land or had already bought
  land as an investment.
• Many IGNORED the law!
• British was angry that colonists wouldnt help
  pay for their own defense.

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SUGAR ACT 1764

• 1st taxation without representation!!!!
• (TARIFF) Taxed imported sugar, molasses, and
  provided harsh punishments for smuggling to avoid
  paying it.
• CAUSES
• Britain needed money to pay debts from the French
  Indian War.
• EFFECTS
• Colonists said Britain couldnt tax them since
  they had no representation in Parliament.
• NO taxation without representation!!!
• Upset merchants since it affected them the most.

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QUARTERING ACT 1765

• NOT A TAX!!!! Required colonists to house troops
  in their homes and give them supplies.
• CAUSES
• Britain wanted troops to keep peace enforce the
  Proclamation of 1763 but couldnt pay because of
  debts from the French Indian War.
• EFFECTS
• Outraged colonists that they had to house and
  support troops they did not want in their homes.

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STAMP ACT 1765

• Taxed all paper, documents, newspapers, books,
  playing cards, wills, deeds to property
  everything made from paper.
• Required stamp on all documents to prove tax was
  paid.
• Paid for with silver coins which were rare and
  very hard for colonists to get.
• Taxed all colonists since it wasnt a tariff.

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Stamp Act and Sugar Act AnalogyWrite an analogy
that compares the stamp act to the sugar act
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STAMP ACT 1765

• CAUSES
• Britain needed money to pay for French Indian
  War.
• EFFECTS
• PROTESTS, some violent (burning the paper,
  attacking officials).
• BOYCOTT (refusal to buy) British goods.
• Sam Adams forms the SONS OF LIBERTY (a secret
  society to oppose British policies).
• Act was repealed (cancelled) finally in 1766.
• Patrick Henry
• Radical colonial leader who was very opposed to
  British taxes.
• Helped stage boycotts.
• Was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses.
• Is famous for saying Give me liberty or give me
  death!

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• Analyze this picture Answer the questions,
• Is there anything to be gained by protesting?
  Anything to be lost?
• (2) Would you join the protest? Justify your
  answer.
• (3) Does the government have the right to tax
  without consent of the people? Why or why not?

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DECLARATORY ACT 1766

• Law said Parliament had the supreme power to
  govern the colonies in any way it saw fit,
  regardless of their representative assemblies.
• CAUSES
• Britain was trying to find ways to keep power
  over the colonies.
• EFFECTS
• Tug of war between Britain and the colonies on
  who had control.

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TOWNSHEND ACTS 1767

• Tariffs on glass, paper, lead, tea, etc.
• Suspended New Yorks Assembly until they agreed
  to house troops under the Quartering Act.
• Could be enforced by issuing search warrants
  (called writs of assistance) to look for smuggled
  goods.
• CAUSES
• Britain needed something to replace revenue
  (income) lost from Stamp Act and to pay for royal
  officials to be housed in colonies.
• EFFECTS
• Serious protests occurred.
• Colonists thought Britain was going against
  natural rights.
• More boycotts and Sons of Liberty Protests
  followed.
• Trade with Britain decreased as colonists started
  making own goods.
• Eventually boycotts were successful and all but
  tea tax was repealed.

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Based on this picture, who appears to be at fault
for the Boston Massacre? 2. Why might colonial
leaders interested in independence want to blame
the massacre on the British?
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Boston Massacre

• Tensions between colonists and soldiers was at an
  all time high in 1770.
• Soldiers were working for extra money in their
  spare time and were usually taking jobs away from
  colonists who needed them.
• Colonists began to resent them.
• A group of soldiers was being taunted by a large
  crowd of colonists. The crowd was throwing
  bottles and rocks.
• The soldiers got scared and opened fire into the
  crowd killing 5 people.
• This turned into a HUGE event that became a
  rallying cry for freedom. People looked to this
  incident as proof of how evil Britain was.
• Paintings of the massacre were in all the
  newspapers, this propaganda helped sway public
  opinion and support towards the colonists and
  away from Britain.

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Boston Massacre

• The soldiers were arrested and tried in court for
  murder
• Crispus Attucks (1st man killed)
• 1 of the men killed
• African American
• John Adams
• Lawyer who defended the British soldiers for the
  shootings, saying they acted in self defense.
• Sam Adams cousin.
• Believed strongly that the colonies were being
  taken advantage of by King George but was trying
  to work for a peaceful solution.

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Since the discussion, in your opinion, which side
is to blame and use text evidence to justify your
answer.
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TEA ACT 1773

• Gave British East India Co. control of tea trade
  and forced colonists to buy only this kind of
  tea.
• Before the new law, most tea was smuggled to get
  around paying taxes and now everyone would have
  to pay.
• CAUSES
• Britain wanted money and to show control over
  colonies.
• EFFECTS
• Committees of Correspondence (Sam Adams forms
  groups to discuss problem with Britain so no one
  forgets).
• Boston Tea Party

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Boston Tea Party, 1773

• Groups of colonists dressed as natives board
  cargo ships in Boston Harbor.
• They take all the tea out of the ships and dump
  it into the Harbor.
• They did this in protest of the Tea Act.
• Colonists were hoping to get Britain to repeal
  the Tea Act instead Britain passed the
  Intolerable Acts to punish the colony of
  Massachusetts

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INTOLERABLE ACTS 1774

• Also called the Coercive Acts
• TO MAKE AN EXAMPLE out of Massachusetts and warn
  other colonies.
• Closed the Port of Boston until colonists paid
  for destroyed tea.
• Got rid of many Committees of Correspondence.
• Let British officials accused of crimes stand
  trial in Britain.
• Let them house troops in colonies whenever and
  wherever they wanted to.

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INTOLERABLE ACTS 1774

• CAUSES
• Boston Tea Party
• EFFECTS
• First Continental Congress

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The Colonies Unite!
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Loyalist or Patriot?
Many of the colonists werent sure how to react
to the taxation policies. Some were
self-determined and wanted more voice in the
government.
Should they be loyal to the king (Loyalist), or
should they support an independence movement
(Patriot)?
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The Patriots Unite
In 1775 delegates from the colonies met in
Philadelphia to discuss the situation.
Their meeting was called The First Continental
Congress.
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1st Continental Congress

• Meeting held in Philadelphia in 1774 by all the
  colonies except Georgia, trying to decide what to
  do about problems with Britain.
• Voted to stop all trade with Britain until they
  repealed the Intolerable Acts.
• Each colony agreed to start training militia
  troops in case they had to fight Britain.

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Arguments of Loyalists and Patriots
Loyalist Britain is our mother country. She
protects us and our trade.
Patriot The colonies have flourished (grown),
and we dont need a mother any more. We would be
better off if we made our own decisions.
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Arguments of Loyalists and Patriots
Loyalist The colonists would lose a possible
war and are greatly outnumbered.
Patriot We are determined to fight for our
rights. Its only common sense that we should
form a new country.
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Midnight Ride

• Sam Adams had spies keeping watch on the British
• The British moved to arrest colonial leaders in
  Lexington and attack and destroy a weapons depot
  in Concord
• As they moved their troops Paul Revere and 2
  other men jumped on horseback riding throughout
  the night to warn colonists of the British
  troops arrival.

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Midnight Ride
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1st Shots Fired

• By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
• Their flag to April's breeze unfurled,
• Here once the embattled farmers stood
• And fired the shot heard round the world.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson,
• 1863
• This quote is talking about the firsts shots
  fired during the Revolutionary War this took
  place in Lexington.

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2nd Continental Congress

• Most important accomplishment was creating the
  Declaration of Independence.
• Delegates to the Second Continental Congress
  voted to organize a national army and appointed
  George Washington as its commander in chief.

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Last attempt at peace

• Olive Branch Petition
• Colonial leaders wrote a petition to King George
  asking him to leave them alone and to restore
  peace. King George refused to listen to their
  pleas.
• Common Sense
• Written by Thomas Paine
• Argued that the only way to be a thriving,
  profitable group of colonies was to become
  independent from Britain.
• This book sold over 100,000 copies and was very
  influential in getting people to join the
  revolutionary leaders.

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Declaration of Independence

• Written by Thomas Jefferson
• "That to secure these rights, governments are
  instituted among men, deriving their just powers
  from the consent of the governed."
• Ensuring Unalienable (Natural) Rights.
• Lists colonial grievances against King George
  III.
• Outlines what a government should be