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Hypothetical Situation

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Hypothetical Situation Genes that produce chlorophyll in plants are inserted into the chromosomes of cattle. What are some of the advantages of this procedure? – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Hypothetical Situation


1
Hypothetical Situation
  • Genes that produce chlorophyll in plants are
    inserted into the chromosomes of cattle.
  • What are some of the advantages of this
    procedure?
  • The result would be an animal that is capable of
    making its own food.
  • Can you think of the potential benefits of this
    kind of research?

2
DNA Recombination
  • a.k.a. Gene Splicing

3
What is it?
  • Recombinant DNA refers to a new combination of
    DNA molecules that are not found together
    naturally.
  • Produced by joining DNA molecules from different
    biological sources.
  • The hybrid DNA is then inserted into a host cell,
    often a bacterium, for replication.

Click
4
Tools Needed
  • Restriction enzymes (biological scissors) "cut"
    DNA at a specific location.
  • DNA ligase (DNA glue) is used to "glue" two
    sections of DNA together.

5
Plasmids
  • Recombinant DNA is often created using a plasmid.
  • Plasmids are DNA structures in bacteria

http//faculty.abe.ufl.edu/chyn/age2062/lect/lect
_09/FG10_001.GIF
http//www.microbeworld.org/microbes/virus_bacteri
um.aspx
6
or Viruses
  • The DNA in a virus can also be used for creating
    recombinant DNA
  • The virus can enter another cell and have its
    genetic code replicated by that cell

http//www.microbeworld.org/microbes/virus_bacteri
um.aspx
7
Products of Recombinant DNA Technology
  • Some examples of recombinant DNA products include
    insulin and growth hormone.
  • Vaccines can also be produced using recombinant
    DNA technology.

8
Step by Step
  • Lets look at the process of DNA recombination

9
Step 1 A restriction enzyme is used to cut a
specific DNA strand from the DNA of a cell
10
Step 2 The cut DNA strand is inserted into a
virus.
11
Step 3 The virus is inserted into a cell
12
Step 4 The cell passes the foreign gene on to
all daughter cells
13
  • A Close-up View of DNA insertion into a plasmid

14
Areas Where Recombinant DNA will have an Impact
  • Better Crops (drought heat resistance)
  • Recombinant Vaccines (ie. Hepatitis B)
  • Prevention and cure of sickle cell anemia
  • Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis
  • Production of clotting factors
  • Production of insulin
  • Plants that produce their own insecticides
  • Gene therapy

15
Connections to the World Around Us
16
Activity
  • Make your own recombinant DNA!!

17
Impact of Recombinant DNA
  • Improved Medicines
  • Improved Livestock (resistance to disease)
  • Improved Crops (resistance to disease, higher
    yields)
  • Prevention of Genetic Diseases
  • Lowering the cost of medicines (i.e. Insulin)
  • Safer Medicines (i.e. Insulin)
  • Treatment for pre-existing conditions (i.e.
    Cancer)
  • Safety concerns (viruses developing antibiotic
    resistance)
  • Environmental concerns (developing resistance to
    fungi)
  • Ethical dilemmas over human treatment (i.e. are
    we playing God?)
  • Potential for Experimental abuse (doctors using
    patients as test subjects)
  • Germline treatment going from treating diseases
    to a method for picking the traits you want in a
    child (i.e. specifying hair and eye color)

18
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20
Cutting DNA Strands
The major tools of recombinant DNA technology are
bacterial enzymes called restriction enzymes.
Each enzyme recognizes a short, specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA molecules, and cuts
the backbones of the molecules at that sequence.
The result is a set of double-stranded DNA
fragments with single-stranded ends, called
"sticky ends." Sticky ends are not really sticky
however, the bases on the sticky ends form base
pairs with the complementary bases on other DNA
molecules. Thus, the sticky ends of DNA fragments
can be used to join DNA pieces originating from
different sources.                              
                          
http//www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/
SFTS/activity6.html
21
Creating Recombinant Plasmids
  • In order to be useful, the recombinant DNA
    molecules have to be made to replicate and
    function genetically within a cell. One method
    for doing this is to use plasmid DNA from
    bacteria. Small DNA fragments can be inserted
    into the plasmids, which are then introduced into
    bacterial cells. As the bacteria reproduce, so do
    the recombinant plasmids. The result is a
    bacterial colony in which the foreign gene has
    been cloned.

http//www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/
SFTS/activity6.html
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