Title: Introduction to Pathology And its rule in the diagnostic process
1Introduction to Pathology And its rule in the
diagnostic process
- Dr. Atif Ali Bashir, MD Pathology
- Assistant Professor
- College of Medicine
- Majmaah University
2Definition of pathology
- It is the Scientific study of disease" .
- "scientific study of the molecular, cellular,
tissue, or organ system response to injurious
agents."
Pathology serves as a "bridge" or "link" between
the preclinical sciences (anatomy, physiology,
etc.) and the courses in clinical medicine.
3What is Pathology?
- Greek Pathos suffering, fate, harm logos/logia
study or discourse - Pathology The study of suffering.
- Involves
- study of disease processes and
- the structural and functional changes in organs
and tissues that cause or are caused by disease. - Explains
- The whys and hows of signs and symptoms
manifested by patient.
4What is the Disease?
- It is the State in which an individual exhibits
an anatomical, physiological, or biochemical
deviation from the normal - Disease (dis ease not at ease).
- Disease may be defined as
- an abnormal alteration of structure or function
in any part of the body.
5Classification of Diseases
- Developmental genetic, congenital.
- Acquired
- Inflammatory Trauma, infections, immune, etc.
- Neoplastic tumors cancers
- Degenerative ageing.
- Metabolic.
- Iatrogenic Drug induced.
6Basic Language of Pathology
In order for a subject or course to be
meaningful, one should become familiar with the
basic terminology applicable to that subject.
7Branches of Pathology
- General Pathology
- Systemic Pathology
- Gross Pathology
- Cellular Pathology
- Surgical Pathology
- Clinical Pathology
- Immunopathology
8Learning Pathology
- General Pathology
- Common changes in all tissues. e.g..
Inflammation, cancer, ageing, edema, hemorrhage
.etc. - Systemic Pathology
- Discussing the pathologic mechanisms in relation
to various organ systems e.g. CVS, CNS, GIT..etc.
9What should we Know About A Disease
- Definition.
- Epidemiology Where When.
- Etiology What is the cause?
- Pathogenesis - Evolution of dis.
- Morphology - Structural Changes
- Functional consequences
- Management
- Prognosis
- Prevention
Pathology
10Pathology focuses on 4 aspects of disease
- ETIOLOGY Cause of disease.
- PATHOGENESIS
- Mechanisms of development of disease.
- MORPHOLOGY
- The structural alterations induced in cell and
tissues. - FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES
- Functional results of the morphologic
changes, as observed clinically.
11Etiology Study of the cause of a disease"
- Knowledge of etiology remains the backbone of
- Disease diagnosis
- Understanding the nature of diseases
- Treatment of diseases.
12Etiology Study of the cause of a disease"
- An etiologic agent
- is the factor (bacterium, virus, etc.)
responsible for lesions or a disease state. - Predisposing Causes of Disease
- Factors which make an individual more susceptible
to a disease (damp weather, poor ventilation,
etc.) - Exciting Causes of Disease
- Factors which are directly responsible for a
disease (hypoxia, chemical agents. etc.).
13Etiology
- One etiologic agent several diseases,
as smoking.
- Several etiologic agents one disease,
as diabetes .
- One etiologic agent
- one disease, as Malaria.
14Etiology What is the cause?
- Environmental agents
- Physical
- Chemical
- Nutritional
- Infections
- Immunological
- Psychological
- Genetic Factors
- Age
- Genes
Multifactorial As Diabetes, Hypertension
Cancer
15pathogenesis
- The sequence events in the response of the cells
or tissues to the etiologic agent, from the
initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of
the disease,from the time it is initiated to its
final conclusion in recovery or death
The core of the science of pathology the study
the pathogenesis of the disease.
16Morphology Structural Changes
- Structural changes in disease.
- Tumor in a cancer.
- Ulcer in an infection.
- Atrophy in dementia.
- Gross Microscopic.
17Clinical Symptoms Signs
- Clinical symptoms are the patients complain
usually by its own words.
- Clinical signs are seen only in the living
individual. - Functional evidence of disease which can be
determined objectively or by the observer"
(fever, tenderness, increased respiratory rate,
etc.)
18- Necropsy Gross examination of the animal cadaver
by systematic dissection in order to evaluate any
abnormal changes (lesions) that may be present. - Autopsy Synonymous to necropsy in human medicine
- Biopsy Removal and examination of tissue
obtained from the living body - Euthanasia Intentional putting to death of an
individual with an incurable or painful disease
by employing humane means
19prognosis
- Expected outcome of the disease, It is the
clinician's estimate of the severity and possible
result of a disease.
20I hear, I forget I see, I remember I do, I
understand Chinese Proverb..