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Title: Unit 10


1
Unit 10 The 1920s
  • The Roaring Twenties

2
1920s Presidents
  • Woodrow Wilson
  • Warren G. Harding
  • Calvin Coolidge
  • Herbert C. Hoover

3
The West Between the Wars
4
The West Between the Wars
5
Charles G. Dawes
6
What led to U.S. prosperity
  • Effects of World War I
  • Industrialization
  • Increased production and encouragement of big
    business
  • Three limited involvement presidents.
  • Warren G. Harding
  • Calvin Coolidge
  • Herbert Hoover

7
What led to U.S. prosperity
  • New technology
  • War encouraged and produced new technology
  • Automobile
  • Automobile society
  • Big growth in automobile purchases as they became
    cheaper from faster more efficient manufacturing.
  • Highway Construction-Federal Highway Road Act of
    1916.

8
U.S. Prosperity other changes
  • Other technology
  • Airplanes
  • Chemicals
  • New technology and automobile society created a
    society of leisure
  • Family vacations
  • Road trips

9
Growth of Industry
  • After the war, industrialization goes from
    military mode to domestic
  • Increases in supply of new products
  • Growth is made possible through
  • Credit ? never really before used on consumer
    goods
  • Advertising
  • Belief that gap between rich and middle class is
    narrowing because of concept of wealth.

10
The Jazz AgeNicknamed The Roaring Twenties
11
A Time of Extreme Optimism and a lot
of Changes!
  • Americans move to the cities
  • Between 1922 and 1929 almost 2 million
    people moved to the cities each year.
  • Instead of getting away from the cities, people
    were flocking to them.
  • Cities were the place to be.
  • They grew more crowded everyday.

12
Urban changes
  • Small-town people moving to the city had to
    change their thinking and everyday living.
  • The city exposed them to new ideas, change, and
    competition.
  • Movies, museums, art, immigrants, night clubs,
    sports, newspapers, drinking, gambling, smoking,
    and casual dating.

13
Urban changes
  • Urbanization created a new way of life that
    usually clashed with the values of traditional
    rural society.

14
The Great Clash
  • The clash between rural and city values is just
    one example.
  • The 1920s is characterized by a clash between
    traditional morals and values and more liberal
    money and fun seekers.

15
Cultural Changes!
  • Prohibition
  • The Flapper
  • The Jazz Age
  • Harlem
  • Renaissance

16
Prohibition
  • Passage of the 18th Amendment in 1919
  • Outlawed making, selling, transporting,
    importing, or exporting alcohol-not drinking it
  • The Noble Experiment
  • Fought for years by temperance groups
  • They saw it as a way of bettering society
  • War helped the situation
  • Many saw it as a way of hurting German American
    producers and so grain could go towards war
    effort.
  • Result Speakeasies, bootlegging, and organized
    crime

17
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18
So Why didnt it Work?
  • The Volstead Act set up the Prohibition
    Bureau.
  • It was underfunded.
  • Only 1,550 federal agents and local police to
    enforce the laws
  • with 18,700 miles of coastline, inland borders,
    highways, illegal stills, and industries to watch.

19
Bootleggers and Speakeasies
  • By the mid-1920s only 19 of Americans supported
    Prohibition.
  • Alcohol was made illegally and sold illegally at
    bars called speakeasies
  • People blatantly broke the law
  • Bath tub gin
  • Sales for medicinal or sacramental alcohol soar.
  • Selling stills in hardware stores
  • Magazines and books told how to make alcohol from
    fruit and even potato peelings.
  • Bootleggers provided access to alcohol

20
Organized Crime develops
  • Bootlegging was a profitable business
  • Prohibition inspired the development of organized
    crime
  • Almost every city had gangs that profited from
    selling alcohol.
  • Chicago had one of the most famous criminals - Al
    Capone

21
Causing too many problems
  • Prohibition caused more problems than it fixed.
  • Organized crime and lawlessness grew
  • It caused a want to disobey the law
  • Alcohol use grew and more people died.
  • Prohibition was repealed with the 21st Amendment
    in 1933.

22
Science and Religion Clash
23
Lets get back to Religion
  • Fundamentalism - Protestant movement that
    advocated the literal for the Bible
  • Push for going back to church and having
    traditional morals.
  • Revivals were held with charismatic preachers.
  • Also rejected the notion of Darwin and evolution.
    Thought that this meant denying scripture and
    blaspheming God.

24
The Fight BeginsThe Scopes Monkey Trial - 1925
  • Conflict occurs when John T. Scopes
    teaches evolution.
  • Tennessee had passed a law banning the teaching
    of evolution.
  • Scopes read a passage about evolution in his
    classroom and was arrested.

25
The Trial
  • Clarence Darrow defended John T. Scopes
  • William Jennings Bryan is on the fundamentalist
    side.
  • Trial becomes a national sensation.
  • Bryan takes the stand and admits that the Bible
    can be interpreted in different ways.
  • Scopes is still found guilty and fined 100.
  • This trial is another example of the clashes and
    conflicts in the Roaring Twenties.

26
Women in 1920s
  • Effects of World War I on womens rights
  • 19th Amendment granted suffrage in 1920.

27
19th Amendment
  • Ratified in 1920
  • Gave women the right to vote
  • Women proved themselves when they filled the jobs
    of men during WWI
  • After WWI, many were forced to give up their jobs
  • Women went to polls for first time in November
    1920
  • Helped elect Pres. Warren G. Harding

28
The Flapper
  • Changes for women
  • Hair, clothing, makeup, and dancing

29
Womens fashions prior to 1920s
30
1910 Versus 1920s

31
1920s Fashions
32
1920s Fashions
33
So Whats a Flapper?
  • Flapper
  • Nickname from a popular picture of a woman with
    her boots unlaced and flapping as she is dancing.
  • Despite new social freedoms women were still
    limited and most did not rebel against social and
    religious standards.
  • There was a double standard

34
Work Opportunities
  • After World War I, women still are entering the
    work force.
  • Many attend college and enter the womens
    professions
  • Teaching, nursing, librarians, social workers
  • Big businesses also needed clerical workers
  • secretaries, typists, office machine operators

35
Not that many opportunities though
  • Even though women were in the work force,
    opportunities were limited.
  • Earned less than men
  • Number of women doctors drops with the quota in
    medical schools.
  • Belief that women working was temporary and they
    would leave with marriage.
  • Their real job was at home.

36
The Changing Family
  • Birthrate declines
  • Technology makes housework easier
  • Children are products of the home not producers.
  • They go to school instead of work and spend time
    with children their own age.
  • Peers became more important.
  • Marriage came to be seen as more of an equal
    partnership

37
Fads
  • Styles or fashions that become popular for a
    short time.

38
Fads in the 1920s-Flagpole sitting
  • Shipwreck' Kelly stayed on the pole for 100
    hours in '28

39
Other Fads
  • PEZ candy becomes popular (not in the head
    dispensers yet)
  • Mahjong

40
Dance Marathons
  • Jazz
  • Dancing all night, all week long.
  • Charleston, fox trot
  • Longest lasted for 3
  • weeks!
  • Outlawed in some
  • places because of
  • the dangers

41
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42
Slang
  • All wet
  • Bump off
  • Coffin varnish
  • Gams
  • Hooch
  • Juice joint
  • Wet blanket
  • Incorrect
  • Kill
  • Illegal Poisonous alcohol
  • Legs
  • Alcohol
  • Speakeasy
  • Person who doesnt have any fun

43
Baseball - the National pastime!
  • Baseball is extremely popular and produces heroes
    for the whole nation to follow!
  • Babe Ruth
  • New York Yankees
  • Record 60 home runs
    in 1927
  • Not broken until 1961
  • Lifetime batting
    average .342
  • 72 games hit 2 or
    more home runs

44
The Flight heard round the world
  • Charles Lindbergh makes the first transatlantic
    flight
  • Greatest hero of 1920s
  • Flying from New York to Paris in 33 hours and 29
    minutes

45
A Renaissance in the Arts
  • Not all agreed with the life seen in
    entertainment and popular culture
  • Some thought this to be superficial and shallow
  • These include artists, writers, theater, and
    music
  • They wanted to expose the negative side of the
    Roaring Twenties, the silliness, and fun

46
Edna St. Vincent Millay
  • Popular poet
  • She expressed the frantic pace of the 1920s
  • "My Candle Burns At Both Ends"
  • My candle burns at both ends
  • it will not last the night,But--ah, my foes! and
    oh, my friends!
  • It gives a lovely light

47
The Lost Generation
  • Many writers wanted to expose the shallowness of
    the times
  • One of these writers was F. Scott Fitzgerald

48
Fitzgerald and the Jazz Age
  • He coined the term the Jazz Age to
    describe the 1920s.
  • He wrote books that portrayed
    wealthy people who
    attended endless parties, but
    could not find
    happiness

49
Writers
  • Ernest Hemingway
  • One of the most popular writers of the 1920s
  • Wrote A Farewell to Arms
  • About his experiences as a young ambulance driver
    on the Italian front during WWI
  • Sinclair Lewis
  • Wrote books presenting small-town Americans as
    dull and narrow-minded
  • Babbitt and Main Street

50
The Movies
  • First movies had no sound
  • Clara Bow became a popular movie star by playing
    restless, fun-seeking young women.
  • Nicknamed the It Girl

51
The Movies
  • Rudolph Valentino
  • Womens favorite
  • The Sheik
  • When he died in 1926 at age 31, 100,000 people
    lined up outside the funeral home to mourn

52
The Movies
  • The Jazz Singer
  • The first talkie movie

53
Harlem Renaissance
54
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
  • Great growth and gains by African Americans in
    literature and arts
  • Made great contributions in art, music, and
    literature
  • Rebirth of
    African
    American
    culture

55
Going North
  • African-Americans move North to the cities
  • Large numbers of musicians, artists, and writers
    settled in Harlem in New York City
  • Believing there are more opportunities for jobs
  • Left the South because of racial and economic
    discrimination
  • The number of African Americans in Northern
    cities doubles

56
Where is Harlem?
57
African-American goals
  • NAACP membership doubles
  • National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored
    People
  • Fight for lynching to stop
  • Marcus Garvey also offers many hope and someone
    to believe in
  • He promoted African American business and set up
    newspapers and stores

58
Marcus Garvey
  • Garvey was a Jamaican immigrant
  • He inspired Black Pride movements
  • Believed that African Americans should build a
    separate society
  • He promoted African American business and set up
    newspapers and stores
  • Encouraged followers to return to Africa
  • Back-to-Africa movement is big for a while and
    then dies down

59
African American Contributions
  • Literature
  • Langston Hughes
  • Harlem Renaissances best
    known poet
  • Denounced violence against
    African Americans
  • Zora Neale Hurston
  • Most accomplished African American woman writer
    in the 1920s
  • Traveled through the South collecting folk tales,
    songs, and prayers of black southerners to
    preserve culture
  • Wrote Mules and Men

60
Performers
  • More doors opened to African Americans in theater
    and music

61
Jazz comes from the South
  • African American migration to the North brought
    also a new kind of music - Jazz.
  • Black musicians from New Orleans and Chicago
    created Jazz from ragtime and blues
  • Availability of records and phonographs meant
    that people could play the music whenever they
    wanted
  • Becomes extremely popular - thats why the 1920s
    is called The Jazz Age!

62
Famous Jazz Musicians
  • Louis Armstrong
  • Helped create Jazz
  • Trumpet player who became the single most
    influential musician in the history of Jazz
  • Jazz spread from Chicago to Kansas City, Los
    Angeles,
  • New York, and became the most popular music for
    dancing.

63
U.S. and Foreign Affairs
  • After WWI, U.S. is worlds leading economic and
    political power
  • Europe expected U.S. to take leading role in
    world affairs
  • Dawes and Young Plan
  • Isolationism (stay out of worlds affairs)
  • Most Americans (including Harding Coolidge)
    didnt want to commit U.S. to job of keeping
    world peace

64
Washington Conference 1921
  • U.S., Great Britain, and Japan agree to limit
    size of navies
  • Disarmament
  • Reducing a nations armed forces and weapons of
    war

65
Warren G. Harding 29th President of U.S.
  • 1 term 1921 - 1923
  • Republican Party
  • Back to normalcy
  • Teapot Dome Scandal

66
Teapot Dome Scandal
  • Albert Fall
  • Secretary of the Interior under Pres. Harding
  • Secretly leased land in Teapot Dome, WY to oil
    companies
  • First cabinet official ever sent to prison

67
Warren G. Harding Administration
  • Harding appointed William H. Taft to
    Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

68
Warren G. Harding 29th President of U.S.
  • Ohio Gang
  • Political friends
  • Charles Forbes
  • Head of Veterans Bureau
  • Convicted of stealing millions from Veterans
    Bureau
  • Harding died of heart attack in August 1923
  • Many blamed friends scandals

69
Calvin Coolidge 30th President of U.S.
  • 1 term 1923 - 1929
  • Republican Party
  • Silent Cal
  • Forced officials involved in scandals to resign
  • Helped restore peoples faith in government
  • 1924 election
  • Keep Cool with Coolidge

70
Signs of Trouble
  • Farmers suffer after WWI
  • Rebirth of Ku Klux Klan
  • Setbacks for Labor Unions

71
Signs of Trouble
  • Setbacks for Labor Unions
  • Helped win WWI
  • High production
  • Wages did not keep up with prices during war
  • Wave of strikes turned public against labor
  • Workers demand higher wages
  • Employers refuse
  • Government did nothing
  • Management crushed strikes

72
Fear of Radicals
  • During WWI, Americans on alert for spies and
    sabotage
  • Growing fear of foreigners
  • Rise of communism in Soviet Union
  • Lenin called on workers everywhere to overthrow
    their governments
  • Anarchists People opposed to organized
    government
  • Many Americans saw labor union strikes as the
    start of a communist revolution
  • Red Scare

73
Fear of Radicals
  • Growing fear of foreigners
  • During the Red Scare
  • Many foreigners were deported
  • Limits on immigration
  • Emergency Quota Act of 1921
  • Set up a quota system allowed only a certain
    number of people from each country to enter U.S.
  • Sacco and Vanzetti trial

74
Fear of Radicals
  • Sacco and Vanzetti trial
  • Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
  • Two Italian immigrants
  • Arrested for robbery and murder in 1920
  • Both admitted they were anarchists, but not to
    committing a crime
  • Prejudiced judge
  • Convicted
  • Many Americans felt the
    trial was unfair
  • Appeals unsuccessful
  • Executed in 1927

75
Kellogg-Briand pact
  • 1928
  • 63 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand
    Pact, a treaty pledging to renounce war as an
    instrument of national policy
  • (outlawed war)
  • Nothing was said about what would be done if
    anyone violated the pact
  • (no way to enforce)

76
U.S. Secretary French foreign
of State minister
Frank B. Kellogg Aristide Briand
77
Herbert C. Hoover 31st President of U.S.
  • 1 term 1929 - 1933
  • Republican Party
  • 1928 Election
  • Won by a landslide
  • 1929 Stock Market Crash

78
New Goods for Sale
  • Americans wanted to buy things they could not
    afford
  • Buy now, pay later ? credit
  • Businesses allowed installment plans
  • Buying on credit
  • Small down payment
  • Monthly installments
  • Plus interest
  • Increased demand for goods

79
Stocks Surge
  • Corporations sold stocks to investors
  • Shares of ownership
  • In 1920s, more people invested in stock market
    than ever before
  • In late 1920s, stock prices rose so fast that
    some people became rich almost overnight by
    buying and selling stocks

80
Stocks Surge
  • The soaring market was called the bull market
  • People bought stocks on margin
  • Similar to installment buying
  • A person could buy a stock for a 10 down payment
  • The buyer held the stock until the price rose,
    then sell the stock for a profit
  • The system worked as long as stock prices kept
    rising

81
Stocks Surge
  • In 1928 1929, prices of many stocks rose faster
    than the value of many companies
  • A few experts warned that the Great Bull
    Market would end
  • Most investors ignored the warnings

82
Stock Market Plunges
  • In August 1929, a few investors began selling
    their stocks
  • In September 1929, more people began selling
  • The rash of selling caused stock prices to fall

83
Herbert C. Hoover 31st President of U.S.
  • President Hoover reassures nervous investors
  • The business of the country is on a sound and
    prosperous basis.
  • But selling continued and prices tumbled

84
Stock Market Plunges
  • Brokers asked investors who purchased stock on
    margin to pay the money they still owed for stock
  • Investors who could not pay had to sell their
    stock
  • This caused prices to drop even more
  • October 24-29, desperate people tried to unload
    millions of shares of stock

85
Stock Market Plunges
  • Tuesday, October 29, 1929
  • A stampede of selling hit the New York Stock
    Exchange
  • Prices plummeted because there were no buyers for
    the stock
  • Previously valuable stocks became worthless
    pieces of paper

86
Stock Market Plunges
  • Tuesday, October 29, 1929
  • Black Tuesday
  • Millions lost their fortunes overnight

87
Severe Depression
  • Following the stock market crash, the economy
    slid into a severe depression
  • The crash did not cause the depression, but it
    did shake confidence in the economy
  • Many people who invested their savings in stocks
    suddenly had little or nothing left
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