Environmental

1
Environmental

• Diseases and Hazards

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Hazards and Diseases

• Environmental Pollution
• Chemicals
• Physical
• Nutritional
• Trauma

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Environmental Pollution

• Air
• Tobacco
• Pneumoconioses
• Coal Dust
• Silica
• Asbestos
• Berylium

4
Air Pollution

• Chemicals
• Hydrocarbons
• Sulfur Oxides
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Ozone
• Free radicals
• Factors
• Solubility in water
• Particle size
• Concentration
• Chemical reactivity
• Duration of exposure
• Host clearance
• Effects
• Respiratory
• Irritation
• Fibrosis
• cancer

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Tobacco

• Asthma
• Emphysema
• Chronic Bronchitis
• Lung Cancer
• Atherosclerosis
• MI

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Pneumoconioses

• Trapped by mucus
• MO phagocytosis
• Inflammatory chemicals
• IL-6
• TNF-alpha
• ROS
• Fibrosis

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Coal Dust
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Asbestosis

• Forms
• Serpentine (curly)
• Amphibole (straight)
• Sources
• Insulation
• Diseases
• Interstitial fibrosis
• Cancers
• Bronchi
• Larynx
• Mesothelioma
• Pleural effusions

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Asbestos
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Silica

• Silicone Dioxide
• Crystalline Quartz
• Amorphous Talc
• Sources
• Sandblasting
• Quarrying
• Stone cutting
• Ceramics
• Nodular fibrosis

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Berylliosis

• Beryllium
• Source
• Aerospace
• Nuclear
• Disease
• Acute pneumonitis
• Delayed hypersensitivty ? granulomatous lesions
  in the lung

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Poisoning

• Ingested
• Inhaled
• Injected
• Absorbed

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Chemical Therapeutic Agents

• Dose
• Metabolism
• Detoxification
• Absorption
• Excretion
• Drug Interactions
• Immune response

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ADR clinical symptoms

• Blood aplastic anemia, pancytopenia
• Cutaneous hives, macules, papules, petechiae
• Cardiac dysrythmias, cardiomyopathy
• Renal tubular necrosis, glomerular nephritis,
  interstitial nephritis
• Pulmonary asthma, pneumonitis, interstitial
  fibrosis
• Hepatic fatty liver, cholestasis, hepatocellular
  damage
• Systemic anaphylaxis, lupus
• CNS tinnitus, dystonia, respiratory depression

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Lead Poisoning
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Cleaning Agents

• Dose
• Metabolic Conversion
• Absorption
• Excretion
• Individual tolerance

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Petroleum Distillates
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Insecticides
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Carbon Monoxide
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Alcohol
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Drug Abuse
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Cocaine

• Source coca plant
• Chemical Cocaine hydrochloride
• Forms
• Crystalline Crack
• Powder (diluted with talc)
• Effects
• Acute
• Stroke, MI, and Dysrhythmias
• Artery vasoconstriction
• Disrupts Na, Ca, K
• Facilitates NT (blocks reuptake)
• Dopamine
• Epinephrine
• NE
• Chronic
• Respiratory gas exchange
• Reproductive
• Teratogenesis
• Premature labor

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Heroin

• Source Poppy plant
• Forms/Use
• Diluted powder
• IV, SC
• Effects
• Sudden death
• Pulmonary
• Edema
• Abscess
• Granulomas
• Infections
• skin, heart, liver
• Bacterial, fungal, viral
• Kidney disease

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Marijuana

• Source
• Cannabis sativa
• THC active chemical
• Use
• Smoke
• Ingested
• Effects
• CNS cognitive/psychomotor
• Respiratory
• Angina
• Chromosome damage (germ cells)

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Inhalants

• Source
• Glue
• Paint thinner
• Nail polish remover
• Other Aerosols
• Effects
• CNS depression
• Heart failure

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Mechanical Trauma

• Type of object
• Amount of energy discharged
• Tissue/Organ affected at point of impact
• Patterns of injury
• Abrasion
• Contusion vs. Concussion
• Laceration
• Incised wound
• Puncture wounds

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Trauma 3rd leading cause of death

• Head Brain, Skull, Eardrum
• Chest Ribs, Heart, Lungs
• Abdominopelvic
• Hemorrhage ? Shock
• Organ perforation ? Bacteria
• Neck/Spine Spinal Cord
• Extremities Sprains, Strains, Fx

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Laceration vs Abrasion
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Physical Injury
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Contusions
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Puncture Wounds
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Surgery
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Physical Agents

• Temperature
• Ionizing Radiation
• Pressure (ATM)
• Electrical
• Poisoning
• Near Drowning
• Bites/Stings
• Asphyxiation
• Burns

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Thermal Injury

• 1st Degree Burn
• 2nd Degree Burn
• 3rd Degree Burn

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Hyperthermia
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Hypothermia
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Hypothermia
Temperature and Wind Chill
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Burns
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Bites and Stings
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Ionizing Radiation

• Forms
• Electromagnetic
• X-rays
• Gamma rays
• High Energy
• Alpha particles
• Beta particles
• Effects
• Dosage dependant
• Oxygen reaction (ROS)
• DNA damage

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Radiation Injury
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Pressure

• Rapid changes
• High to low (Pilots)
• Low to high (Divers)
• Gasses dissolved
• Gasses escaping

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Electrical Injury

• Source
• Low Voltage
• Hight Voltage
• Electromagnetic fields
• Injury
• Burns
• Ventricular fibrillation
• Cancer (EMFs)
• Formula
• F P (voltage)/R ohms
• Amperes current flow can kill

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Near Drowning

• Aspiration
• Hypoxemia
• Respiratory Distress

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Nutritional
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Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency
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Food Pyramid
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Malnutrition
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Anorexia
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Bulemia
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Obesity
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Questions?