Reproductive System

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Reproductive System

• Purpose to produce offspring

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Parts

• Gonads
• testes/ovaries
• produce gametes through meiosis
• secrete sex hormones
• Accessory reproductive organs

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Sex hormones

• for development/function of reproductive organs
• sexual behavior/drives.

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Male function

• To make/deliver sperm to female

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Male reproductive system

• Testes
• a. Seminiferous tubules
• Sperm-producing factories
• b. Interstitial cells
• Surround
• seminiferous
• tubules
• Produce
• testosterone

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Accessory ducts

• Epididymis- temporary storage for sperm.
• walls contract to propel sperm to ductus deferens
• 2. Ductus deferens (vas deferens) runs up and
  over bladder empties into ejaculatory duct.
• Function propel sperm into urethra
• (vasectomy)
• 3. urethra
• urinary/reproductive function

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Accessory glands produce semen

• Semen
• Combination of sperm and fluid
• Fluid
• transport medium
• nutrients for sperm.
• Basic pH (7.2-7.6) neutralizes acid environment
  (3.5-4) of female vagina (sperm are sluggish in
  acidic conditions)

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• 1. Seminal vesicles (2) behind bladder most
  seminal fluid joins ductus deferens provides
  fructose energy

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• Prostate just below bladder produces seminal
  fluid
• Hypertrophy strangles urethra

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1. Bulbourethral gland 2 functions cleanse
   urethra lubricate

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External genitalia

• Scrotum
• Divided sac of skin
• responds to temperature to produce viable sperm
• Penis
• shaft, glans penis (enlarged tip) , prepuce
  (foreskin removed during circumcision)
• Internally erectile tissue fills with blood to
  cause erection.

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Female function

• Produces ova (eggs)
• provide protective environment for embryo/fetus

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Female reproductive anatomy

• Ovaries
• produce eggs (gametes) and estrogen and
  progesterone (hormones)

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Ovaries

• Contains tiny saclike structures -ovarian
  follicles- which contain an oocyte (immature
  egg).
• When the egg is mature it is ejected from the
  ovary ovulation. (approximately every 28 days,
  but varies in many women).
• Ovaries are held in place by ligaments
  suspensory, ovarian and the broad ligament.

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Fetal pig
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Accessory ducts

• Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)-
• Receive ovulated egg and transport it to uterus
• Provide site of fertilization
• 3. contain fimbria fingerlike projections that
  catch ovulated egg.

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• 2. Uterus-
• a. In pelvis between bladder and rectum
• Function receive, retain, nourish fertilized egg
• 3 parts body, fundus (top), cervix (narrow
  opening to vagina)

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• d. Wall of uterus has 3 layers endometrium
  (inner layer) fertilized egg implants in it or
  sloughs off about every 28 days if not pregnant
  (menstruation).
• myometrium (middle layer) smooth muscle that
  contracts during labor
• epimetrium (outer layer)- prevents friction with
  surrounding body cavity

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Cervical cancer cancer of the uterine cervix

• Risk group women between the ages of 30-50
• Risk factors frequent cervical inflammation,
  sexually transmitted diseases, active sex life
  with many partners.
• Screening yearly pap smear starting age 18 or
  when 1st sexually active.

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• 3. vagina
• -extends from cervix to body exterior
• -passageway for the delivery of an infant
  (birth canal) and for the menstrual flow to
  leave the body

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External female genitalia Vulva

1. Mons pubis Fatty, rounded area overlying the
   pubic symphysis
2. Labia Labia majora (outer skin folds) and labia
   minora (inner skin folds)
3. Vestibule region that includes the external
   openings of the urethra (anterior) and vagina
   (posterior)

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• 4. Greater vestibular glands one on each side of
  vagina for lubrication during intercourse
• 5. Clitoris anterior to vestibule, contains
  sensitive erectile tissue that becomes swollen
  with blood during sexual excitement

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Menstrual Cycle

• Days 1-5 thick endometrial lining is detaching.
  Detached tissues and blood pass through vagina as
  menstrual flow.
• Days 6-14 Rising estrogen levels from growing
  follicles (in ovaries) stimulate endometrium to
  become repaired with increased blood supply.
  Ovulation happens at the end of this stage.

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• Days 15-28 Old ruptured follicle (corpus
  luteum) produces rising levels of progesterone
  that increases blood supply of endometrium more.
• fertilization occurs the embryo produces a
  hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue
  producing progesterone.
• no fertilization the corpus luteum degenerates
  ovarian hormones in blood drop. Blood vessels of
  endometrium spasm and kink, depriving the
  endometrial cells of oxygen and nutrients cell
  death

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Secondary sex characteristics

• MALE
• Deepening of voice
• Increased hair growth (facial, axillary, pubic)
• Enlargement of skeletal muscles
• Increased heaviness of skeleton

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• FEMALE
• Enlargement of accessory organs (uterine tubes,
  uterus, vagina, external genitals)
• Breast development
• Axillary and pubic hair
• Increased deposits of fat
• Widening of pelvis
• Onset of menstrual cycle

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Review question

• What are the parts of the duct system in males?

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Sperm vs. egg

• SPERM
• Tiny
• Equipped with tails for locomotion
• Very little nutrient-containing cytoplasm
• Millions in 1 ejaculation

• EGG
• Large
• Does not move by itself (nonmotile)
• Abundant nutrient reserves in cytoplasm
• 1 per monthusually

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• IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

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fertilization

• Copulation (sex) around ovulation
• Sperm attracted to egg by chemicals
• Hundreds of sperm release enzymes
• 1 sperm enters (not the 1st to arrive)

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• Fertilized egg zygote undergoes rapid mitotic
  cell division - cleavage
• After 2 days 4 cells
• After 3 days 16 cells
• Produce morula solid sphere of cells

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Blastocyst

• Ball-like circle of cells
• Begins at about the 100 cell stage
• Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to
  prod corpus luteum to continue producing
  progesterone
• Attaches to endometrium implantation (about day
  7)

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AMNION

• Amnion surrounds embryo
• Filled with amniotic fluid filtrate of mothers
  blood and baby urine
• Shock absorber, fetal temperature homeostasis
• (amniocentesis needle procedure to sample fluid
  that has baby cells in it)

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Placenta

• Connected to fetus by umbilical cord
• Forms a barrier between mother and embryo (blood
  is not exchanged)
• Delivers nutrients and oxygen
• after-birth

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Effects of pregnancy on mother

• Pregnancy period from conception until birth
  (270 days 40 weeks 10 lunar months)
• Anatomical changes
• Enlargements of the uterus
• Accentuated lumbar curvature
• Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic
  symphysis due to production of relaxin

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Effects of pregnancy on mother continued

• Physiological changes
• Gastrointestinal system
• Morning sickness is common due to elevated
  progesterone
• Heartburn is common because of organ crowding by
  the fetus
• Constipation is caused by declining motility of
  the digestive tract

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• Physiological changes
• Respiratory System
• Nasal mucosa becomes congested and swollen
• Respiratory rate increases
• Urinary System
• Kidneys have additional burden and produce more
  urine
• The uterus compresses the bladder

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• Physiological changes
• Cardiovascular system
• Body water rises
• Blood volume increases by 25 to 40 percent
• Blood pressure and pulse increase
• Varicose veins are common

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4th week
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5th-8th weeks

• Heart is 4 chambered

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Fetus

• Beginning at 9th week
• All organ systems are in place
• Time of GROWTH

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10-12 weeks
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14 weeks - start of 2nd trimester
Notice formation of face bones
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18-19 weeks
BABY LEISHER
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20-24 weeks start to show, feel baby
movement, typical first ultrasound
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22 weeks
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6 month fetus
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Month 7 3rd trimester (27 weeks)

• About 2 lbs and 15 inches

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Woman in 8th month
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Weeks 35-38
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Stages of labor

• Dilation
• Cervix becomes dilated
• Uterine contractions begin and increase
• The amnion ruptures

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Stages of labor

• 2. Expulsion (10 min to 2 hours)
• pushing
• Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
• Normal delivery is head first
• 3. Placental stage (5-30 min)
• Delivery of the placenta

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Stages of labor
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AND THIS COMPLETES NOTES FOR THE YEAR!
THANKS FOR ALL YOUR HARD WORK!
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Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System

• Gender is determined at fertilization
• Males have XY sex chromosomes
• Females have XX sex chromosomes
• Gonads do not begin to form until the eighth week

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• Reproductive system organs do not function until
  puberty
• Most women reach peak reproductive ability in
  their late 20s
• Menopause occurs when ovulation and menses cease
  entirely
• no equivalent of menopause in males, but there is
  a steady decline in testosterone