Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

• Thomas Baffuto
• Pleasantville High School

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For hundreds of years there was very little
change in technology in Europe. People lived and
worked with the same simple tools that their
ancestors had used. .
Little had changed since the time the ancient
Romans lived 1,500 years before.
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Candles lit homes, animals provided help for
transportation, and craftsmen used their skills
to make hand-constructed goods needed in the
primitive society.
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• Why Britain First?
• Favorable Natural Conditions
• Coal
• Iron
• waterways

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Why Britain First?

• Stable Government
• Excess capital from world trade
• Strong military to protect trade
• Large food supply/ agricultural revolution

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RANK THE CAUSES OF ENGLANDS INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE
1 2 3 4 5 6
BE SURE TO HAVE A REASON FOR YOUR CHOICE
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Agricultural Revolution
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Agricultural Revolution
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Agricultural Revolution

• Improved methods of farming
• Dutch/Dikes/use of fertilizers
• Townshed/crop rotation
• Jethro Tull/Seed drill
• Enclosure movement/more efficient farms/high
  profits/experimentation/less workers needed
• Selective breeding

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Population Explosion
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Why was there a population Explosion in the 1700s?

• Declining death rates
• increased birth rates
• Increase in food production
• Better health why? More food lead to healthy
  women healthy babies
• Better hygiene and sanitation
• Improved medical care

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New technology
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New Technology

• Energy/steam engine/Thomas Newcomen
• Improved Iron/smelting iron/Abraham Darby/better
  quality, less expensive

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Changes in the Textile Industry

• 1st industry Textiles
• Cotton cloth from India
• Putting out system/slow, inefficient
• John Kay Flying Shuttle
• James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny
• Richard Arkwright Water Frame to speed up
  spinning.
• Factory system workers and machines brought
  together to produce large quantities of goods

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Revolution in Transportation

• Building of turnpikes/private roads/tolls
• George Stephenson steam powered locomotives to
  pull carriages along iron rails
• Liverpool to Manchester 1st
• Robert Fultonsteam boat/ 5 miles an hour

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Importance of railroads

• Spurred industrial growth
• Cheap method of transportation
• Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs
• Boosted agricultural and fishing industries,
  which could transport goods to distant cities.
• Distant jobs
• Nationalism
• Resorts in country sides

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Living conditions

• Rapid urbanization
• Masses of people migrated to cities
• Cities not prepared
• Tenements multistory buildings broken into
  apartments
• No running water, no heat, no sewage or
  sanitation system
• Fire hazard
• Frequent epidemics/poor ventilation/Cholera

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Working conditions

• Industrialization creates new jobs
• Low pay/long hours
• Factories dirty and unsanitary
• Poor lighting/no heat/poor ventilation
• Workers trying to keep pace with machines/no
  safety devices
• Harsh and severe discipline
• Child labor/women workers

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These are some Social Effects of Industrial
Revolution

• Urbanization- the growth of large cities
• Rise of a working class
• New roles for children
• New roles for women
• IN THE FOLLOWING SLIDES DETERMINE IF THESE
  EFFECTS WERE
• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE

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Slide 1Urbanization

• As fewer workers were needed on the farm, workers
  moved to the cities to find jobs in factories.
  Overcrowding and pollution increased.

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?
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Slide 2 Rise of a Working Class

• In the cities, workers often found themselves
  working long hours for low pay and in dangerous
  factories. Many factory owners became rich while
  workers did not.

www.historywiz.com
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Slide 3 Rise of a Working Class

• There was a wide difference in wealth between the
  factory owners (haves) and the workers (the have
  nots)
• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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Slide 4 New Roles for Children

• While children used to work on the farm, many now
  worked in dangerous conditions in factories.
  They were prized by factory owners because they
  could fit into tight spots and would not complain.

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

• www.historywiz.com

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Slide 5 New Roles for Children
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Slide 6New Roles for Women

• While women did chores on the farm, they were
  also able to take care of children during the
  day. During the Industrial Revolution, women
  would either work in the dangerous factories or
  stay home and take care of the children, thus
  becoming very dependent on men.

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Slide 7 New Roles for Women
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Child Labor

• 10 year boys
• Spinning machines
• Barefoot
• 60 to 72 hour work week
• Fix broken threads on the bobbins

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Child Labor

• 9 yrs old
• 4 sides
• 48 cents

POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Francis Lane 8yrs/pneumonia twice

• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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Coal Miners
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Coal Dust
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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10 12 year old miners
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Coal Mine driver 11 yrs old
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?
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Fishery 330am to 530pm

• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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8 years old

• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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London Factory Girls

• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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Indiana factory 9pm

• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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Glass factory 10 yrs old

• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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5 yrs old / trolley jumper

• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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Glass factory 2

• POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ?

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The Working Class

• Few ties to community in the city/lost,
  bewildered
• Weavers and other skilled craftsmen resisted the
  new labor saving machines
• Luddites smashed and burned factories
• Protests meet harsh repression
• Spread of Methodism new religious movement
  founded by John Wesley/ Sunday School/read and
  write/moral ways

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The New Middle Class

• Benefited the most
• Lived in solid well built homes
• Dressed and ate well
• Middle class women were encouraged to become
  ladies
• Lady like activities/maids
• Valued hard work
• No sympathy for the poor

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Benefits/Problems

• Benefits
• Material wealth
• Labor unions
• Problems
• Poor working conditions
• Unhealthy living conditions
• Class warfare

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How did the English government address the social
problems created by the Industrial Revolution?

• The following slides show the reforms made by the
  English government to address the problems of the
  Industrial Revolution
• EVALUATE WHETHER THE REFORM (CHANGE) FIXED THE
  SPECIFIC PROBLEM OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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Reforms to the Problems of Cities

• Paved streets, sewers, electric street lights
• Police forces and better fire departments
• Cleaner water supplies
• Effective or Not?

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Reforms to the Problems of the Working Class

• Workers formed unions to bargain on their behalf
  with employers
• Rising wages for most workers and a minimum wage
  was established
• Most men received the right to vote
• Effective or Not?

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Reforms to the Problems of Children

• Elementary Education Act of 1880 provided free
  public school education for all children
• Laws were passed limiting the working day of
  children
• Effective or Not?

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Reforms to the Problems of Women

• Laws were passed banning women from working in
  coal mines
• Women began to join skilled professions such as
  doctors, lawyers, researchers and inventors
• Women joined groups demanding better rights and
  the right the vote
• Effective or Not?

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Government Regulation to curb the abuses of the IR

• Sadler Commission was convened in England by the
  Parliament to investigate Child Labor
• Factory Act of 1833 limited the hours that
  children could work depending on their age
• Ten Hours limited to ten hours the time worked
  by woman and children in the factories to 10
  hours per day
• Mines Act limited child labor in the mines
• Employers Disability Act of 1880 paid
  compensation to workers injured on the job

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Did these new laws/policies fix the problems?

• Evaluate a policy or law in England that was
  adopted to fix a social problem/change mentioned
  in the previous slides.

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New Ways of Thinking

• Laissez Faire Economics
• Laissez faire thinkers support a free market and
  oppose government regulation
• Major Historical figuresnatural law governs
  economics
• Adam Smith
• Thomas Malthus
• David Ricardo

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Adam Smith

• The Wealth of Nations
• Free market would eventually help everyone not
  just the rich.
• More goods at lower prices, higher quality
• Natural laws of supply and demand/competition
• Growing economy would encourage new business

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Thomas Malthus

• An Essay on the Principle of Population
• Population would outpace food supply
• checks on population war famine, disease
• Grim outlook/pessimistic
• Incorrect in Europe
• Correct in Africa

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David Ricardo

• Iron Law of Wages
• Poor people had too many children
• Wages go up population goes up
• Wages go down because of a over supply of labor
• vicious cycle poor would never escape poverty

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The Utilitarians

• Jeremy Bentham
• Greatest happiness for the largest amount of
  people
• All actions should be judged by their utility
• John Stuart Mill/govt intervention/the right to
  vote

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Emergence of Socialism

• Condemned the evils of capitalism/free market
• Large gap between rich and poor
• End poverty and injustice people as whole rather
  than private individuals would own and operate
  the means of production
• Redistribute the wealth of the nation
• The Utopians/Robert Owen

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Karl Marx and Scientific Socialism

• 1848 Marx and Friedrich Engals
• Communist Manifesto
• Haves vs. the have nots
• Economic history
• Middle class named the bourgeoisie
• Lower class he called the proletariat
• Bourgeoisie own the means of production(land,
  labor ,capital)
• Need a revolution( it would occur in an
  industrialized society)
• Setup a classless society

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Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Long hours/low wages
• Child labor
• Pollution/burning of coal/water pollution
• Lack of education
• Unsafe working condition/machines have no safety
  devices
• Poor ventilation/ lack of heat
• Spread of diseases
• Fire hazard/ crime/sanitation/sewers
• tenements

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Positive Effects of the Industrial revolution

• Improved transportation Railway Age
• Steam engines railroads/ships
• Rising standard of living
• Better food
• Affordability of consumer goods