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Module 15

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Module 15 Motivation – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Module 15


1
Module 15
  • Motivation

2
INRODUCTION
  • Motivation
  • The various physiological and psychological
    factors that cause us to act in a specific way at
    a particular time
  • Exhibits three characteristics
  • energized
  • direct
  • intensities

3
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
  • Instincts
  • Innate tendencies or biological forces that
    determine behavior
  • Fixed action pattern
  • innate biological force that predisposes an
    organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence
    of a specific environmental condition

4
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONTD)
  • Brain reward/pleasure center
  • Includes several areas of the brain, such as the
    nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area,
    and involves several neurotransmitters,
    especially dopamine
  • Makes up a neural circuitry that produces
    rewarding and pleasurable feelings
  • Genes have been linked to several behaviors that
    trigger the brains reward/pleasure center,
    including obesity, risk-taking, behaviors
    (gambling), nicotine addiction, and sexual
    activity

5
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONTD)
6
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONTD)
  • Incentives
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________
  • Incentives have two common features
  • ________________________________________
  • ________________________________________

7
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONTD)
  • Cognitive factors
  • Extrinsic motivation
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________
  • Intrinsic motivation
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ______________________________

8
BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL NEEDS
  • Biological needs
  • Physiological requirements that are critical to
    our survival and physical well-being
  • Social needs
  • Needs acquired through learning and experience
  • Satisfying needs
  • Maslows hierarchy of needs
  • ascending order, or hierarchy, in which
    biological needs are placed at the bottom and
    social needs at the top
  • satisfy biological needs (bottom of hierarchy)
    before social needs (top)

9
BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL NEEDS (CONTD)
10
BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL NEEDS (CONTD)
  • Maslows hierarchy of needs
  • Level 1 __________________________________
  • Level 2 __________________________________
  • Level 3 __________________________________
  • Level 4 ___________________________________
  • Level 5 ___________________________________

11
HUNGER
  • Optimal or ideal weight
  • Ideal weight results from an almost perfect
    balance between how much food an organism eats
    and how much it needs to meet its bodys energy
    needs
  • Calorie ________________________________________
  • Overweight
  • A person is _______ over his or her ideal body
    weight
  • Obese
  • A person is ______ over his or her ideal body
    weight

12
HUNGER (CONTD)
  • Three hunger factors
  • Biological hunger factors
  • come from physiological changes in blood
    chemistry and signals from digestive organs that
    provide feedback to the brain, which in turn
    triggers us to eat or stop eating
  • Psychosocial hunger factors
  • learned associations between food and other
    stimuli, such as snacking while watching TV
    sociocultural influences, such as pressures to be
    thin and various personality problems, such as
    depression, poor body image, or low self-esteem

13
HUNGER (CONTD)
  • Three hunger factors
  • Genetic hunger factors
  • inherited instructions found in our genes
  • determine the number of fat cells or metabolic
    rates of burning off the bodys fuel
  • push us toward being
  • normal
  • overweight
  • underweight

14
HUNGER (CONTD)
  • Biological hunger factors
  • Peripheral cues
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ____________________
  • Central cues
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________

15
HUNGER (CONTD)
  • Genetic hunger factors
  • Come from inherited instructions found in our
    genes
  • Fat cells primarily determined by heredity
  • dont normally multiply except when people become
    obese
  • shrink if were giving up fat and losing weight
  • enlarge when storing fat and gaining weight
  • Metabolic rates
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________

16
HUNGER (CONTD)
  • Genetic hunger factors
  • Set point
  • refers to a certain level of body fat (adipose
    tissue) that our bodies strive to maintain
    constant throughout our lives
  • Weight-regulating genes
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________

17
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
  • Genetic sex factors
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________
  • Biological sex factors
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ________________________________________

18
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Psychological sex factors
  • Role in developing a sexual or gender identity,
    gender role, and sexual orientation
  • Psychological factors can result in difficulties
    in the performance or enjoyment of sexual
    activities

19
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
20
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Genetic influences on sexual behavior
  • _______________________
  • Sperm and egg each contain 23 chromosomes (with
    instructions for determining the sex of the
    child)
  • Egg contains the _____ chromosome
  • Sperms chromosome can either be X (_____) or Y
    (______)
  • XY means ______ development XX _______ female
  • Fertilized egg is called a _______________

21
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
22
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Genetic influences on sexual behavior
  • Differentiation
  • Male sex organ and male brain
  • ________ week after conception, the testes begin
    to grow and produce male hormones called
    androgens
  • most familiar is testosterone
  • Triggers development of ____________ organ
  • Programs the ____________so at puberty it
    triggers the ________________ to secrete hormones
    on a continuous basis

23
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Genetic influences on sexual behavior
  • Differentiation
  • __________ organs and __________
  • Absence of ___________________ in the developing
    embryo means automatic development of female
    sexual organs
  • ____________________ keeps female program

24
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Biological influences
  • Sex hormones
  • chemical secreted by glands
  • circulate in the bloodstream (influence brain,
    body organs, and behavior)
  • male testes (androgens), testosterone
  • female ovaries, estrogens

25
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Biological influences
  • Male hypothalamus
  • triggers continuous release of androgens
    (testosterone) from testes
  • increased level of androgens causes the
    development of male secondary characteristics
  • __________________________
  • ___________________________
  • ____________________

26
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Biological influences
  • Female hypothalamus
  • triggers a cyclical release of estrogens from the
    ovaries
  • increased level of estrogens causes development
    of secondary female characteristics
  • pubic hair
  • breast development
  • widening of the hips
  • cyclical release of hormones (estrogen and
    progesterone) to regulate the menstrual cycle

27
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Psychological influences on sexual behavior
  • Psychological sex factors
  • play a role in developing a sexual or gender
    identity, gender role, and sexual orientation
  • psychological factors can result in difficulties
    in the performance or enjoyment of sexual
    activities
  • Gender identity
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ____________________

28
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Psychological influences on sexual behavior
  • Gender identity disorder
  • commonly referred to as ________________________
  • a person who has a strong and persistent desire
    to be the other sex, is uncomfortable about being
    ones assigned sex, and may wish to live as a
    member of the other sex
  • Gender roles
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________

29
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Psychological influences on sexual behavior
  • Sexual orientation
  • whether a person is sexually aroused by members
    of his or her own sex, the opposite sex, or both
  • Homosexual orientation
  • pattern of sexual arousal by people of same sex
  • Bisexual orientation
  • pattern of sexual arousal by people of both sexes
  • Heterosexual orientation
  • pattern of sexual arousal by people of the
    opposite sex

30
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Interactive model of sexual orientation
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ____________________________

31
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
32
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Male-female sex differences
  • Double standard for sexual behavior
  • refers to a set of beliefs, values, and
    expectations that subtly encourage sexual
    activity in men but discourages the same behavior
    in women
  • Biosocial theory
  • emphasizes social and cultural forces says that
    differences in sexual activities and values for
    selecting mates developed from traditional
    cultural divisions of labor
  • women were primarily child-bearers and homemakers
  • men were providers and protectors

33
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Male-female sex differences
  • Evolutionary theory
  • emphasizes genetic and biological forces says
    that our current male-female differences in
    sexual behavior, which we call the double
    standard, arise from genetic and biological
    forces, which in turn grew out of an ancient set
    of successful mating patterns that helped the
    species survive

34
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Sexual responses, problems, and treatments
  • Paraphilias
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ______________________________
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ______________________________

35
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Sexual responses, problems, and treatments
  • Organic factors
  • ________________________________________
  • Psychological factors
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ______________________________________
  • four-stage model
  • ____________________________________
  • ____________________________________
  • ____________________________________
  • ____________________________________

36
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • Sexual responses, problems, and treatments
  • Premature or rapid ejaculation
  • persistent or recurrent absence of voluntary
    control over ejaculation
  • male ejaculates with minimal sexual stimulation
    before, upon, or shortly after penetration and
    before he wishes to
  • Inhibited female orgasm
  • persistent delay or absence of orgasm after
    becoming aroused and excited

37
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (CONTD)
  • AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
  • HIV positive
  • Presence of HIV antibodies means that the
    individual has been infected by the human
    immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
    life-threatening condition present when the
    individual is HIV positive and has a low level of
    T-cells or has developed one or more of 26
    specified illnesses (pneumonia, skin cancer)

38
ACHIEVEMENT
  • Need for achievement
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________
  • Thematic Apperception Test
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ____________________________________

39
ACHIEVEMENT (CONTD)
  • Need for achievement
  • High need for achievement
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________
  • Fear of failure
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    ______________________________

40
ACHIEVEMENT (CONTD)
  • Need for achievement
  • Self-handicapping
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________
  • Underachievement
  • __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________________________________
    __________________________

41
ACHIEVEMENT (CONTD)
  • Cognitive influences
  • Cognitive factors in motivation
  • refer to how people evaluate or perceive a
    situation and how these evaluations and
    perceptions influence their willingness to work
  • Intrinsic motivation
  • involves engaging in certain activities or
    behaviors without receiving any external rewards
    because engaging in these activities fulfills our
    beliefs or expectations

42
ACHIEVEMENT (CONTD)
  • Cognitive influences
  • Extrinsic motivation
  • involves engaging in certain activities or
    behaviors that either reduce biological needs or
    help us obtain incentives and external rewards

43
SERIOUS EATING DISORDERS
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • serious eating disorder characterized by refusing
    to eat and not maintaining weight at 85 of
    whats expected
  • Sufferers
  • have intense fear of gaining weight or becoming
    fat
  • have missed at least 3 consecutive menstrual
    cycles
  • have a disturbed body image
  • see themselves as fat even though theyre very
    thin

44
SERIOUS EATING DISORDERS (CONTD)
  • Bulimia nervosa
  • have a minimum of 2eating episodes per week for
    at least three months
  • Sufferers
  • fear not being able to stop eating
  • regularly engage in vomiting
  • abuse laxatives
  • engage in rigorous dieting and fasting and
    display excessive concern about body shape and
    weight

45
SERIOUS EATING DISORDERS (CONTD)
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