Styles of Architecture

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Styles of Architecture
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What is Architecture?

• Architecture is the art and profession of
  designing buildings.
• The word Architecture (Greek) has a historical
  meaning
• May refer to a building style of a particular
  culture or to an artistic movement such as Greek,
  Gothic, and Renaissance architecture.

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What is Architecture?

• Architecture has many artistic qualities but must
  also satisfy practical considerations.
• Example Office Buildings
• A building cannot just be aesthetically pleasing.
  
• Needs to accompany the comfort and efficiency
  levels for people in it.
• If the building does not fulfill comfort, it
  fails architecturally.

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Architectural Style

• Architectural style is a way of classifying
  architecture largely by morphological
  characteristics
• Form
• Techniques
• Materials
• Architectural style is a way of classifying
  architecture that gives emphasis to
  characteristic features of design, leading to a
  terminology such as Gothic style.

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Neolithic Architecture

• Also known as Stone-Age architecture contains
  some of the oldest known structures made by
  mankind.
• Distinguishable by Paleolithic and Mesolithic
  making and use of stone tools.
• Neolithic cultures have been shown to have
  existed in southwest Asia as early as 8000 B.C.
  to 6000 B.C.
• The peoples of the Americas and the Pacific
  region remained at the Neolithic level up until
  the time of European contact.

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Neolithic Architecture

• Neolithic Architects were great builders who used
  mainly mud-brick to construct houses and
  villages.
• Houses were plastered and painted with ancient
  scenes of humans and animals.
• Many of the more famous Neolithic structures were
  remarkably made by enormous stones.

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Stonehenge
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Egyptian Architecture

• Due to lack of wood most Egyptian architecture
  was made with mud-brick and stone.
• Minerals included sandstone, limestone, and
  granite, which were generally used for tombs and
  temples.
• Most ancient Egyptian towns have been lost
  because they were situated in the cultivated and
  flooded area of the Nile Valley.

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Egyptian Architecture

• Temples and tombs have survived
• Built on ground unaffected by the Nile flood
• Constructed of stone.
• Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its
  religious monuments such as Pyramids.
• All monumental buildings are post and lintel
  constructions, with flat roofs constructed of
  huge stone blocks supported by the external walls
  and the closely spaced columns.

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Temple of Ramesses II
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Neoclassical Architecture

• Neoclassical style produced by the neoclassical
  movement during the 18th century.
• Neoclassical, or "new" classical, architecture
  describes buildings that are inspired by the
  classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.

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Neoclassical Architecture

• A Neoclassical building is likely to have some
  (but not necessarily all) of these features
• Symmetrical shape
• Tall columns that rise the full height of the
  building
• Triangular Pediment
• Domed roof
• Examples U.S. Capitol Building, White House,
  Slave plantations

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Roman Architecture

• Adopted from Greek classical architecture.
• Constructed new structural principles based on
  the development of the arch and a new building
  material, concrete.
• First to utilize two forms of roof design, the
  arch and vault.
• Vault is an arched roof or ceiling (dome).
• Eliminated use for columns to support roofs.
• Columns used mainly for sculptural decoration.

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Roman Architecture

• Romans built more kinds of structures than any
  earlier civilization.
• In addition to houses, temples, and palaces,
  Romans constructed aqueducts, public baths,
  shops, theaters, and outdoor arenas.

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Colosseum
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Pont du Gard
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Gothic Architecture

• Mainly flourished in western Europe from the
  1100s to 1400s.
• New systems of construction allowed for
  architects to design churches with thinner walls
  and lighter piers.
• Piers extended several stories high and into the
  roof area making individual columns like ribs on
  an open umbrella.
• Ribbed vaults are most distinguishable
  characteristic of Gothic architecture.

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Gothic Architecture

• Other styles included pointed arches,
  stained-glass windows, flying buttresses.
• Flying buttresses were brick or stone arched
  supports built along outside walls.
• Emphasizes vertically and a skeletal stone
  structure.
• Pointed arch was introduced for both visual and
  structural reasons. Channels weight onto the
  bearing piers or columns at a steep angle.
• Gothic cathedrals could be highly decorated with
  statues and paintings.

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Renaissance Architecture

• Beginning between the early 15th and the early
  17th centuries in different regions of Europe.
• The Renaissance style places emphasis on
  symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity
  of parts
• Orderly arrangement of arches, niches replaced
  the more complex proportional view of medieval
  buildings.
• Renaissance buildings have a square, symmetrical,
  planned appearance.

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Renaissance Architecture

• Facades (front of building) are symmetrical
  around their vertical axis.
• The columns and windows show a progression
  towards the center.
• Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a
  cornice.
• Windows may be paired and set within a
  semi-circular arch.
• Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings.
  They are not left open as in Medieval
  architecture. They are frequently painted or
  decorated.

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St. Peters
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Modern Architecture

• Building styles with similar characteristics,
  primarily the simplification of form and the
  elimination of ornament.
• Dominant architectural style, particularly for
  institutional and corporate building, for several
  decades in the 20th century.
• Use materials such as iron, steel, concrete, and
  glass.
• The most commonly used materials are glass for
  the facade, steel for exterior support.
• Modern architecture seen in most skyscrapers.

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Modern Architecture

• Modern architecture is usually characterized by?
  
• a rejection of historical styles as a source of
  architectural form (historicism)
• an adoption of the principle that the materials
  and functional requirements determine the result
• an adoption of the machine aesthetic
• a rejection of ornament
• a simplification of form and elimination of
  "unnecessary detail"

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Art Deco Architecture

• Popular design movement from 1920 until 1939.
• Popular themes in art deco were trapezoidal,
  zigzagged, geometric, and jumbled shapes, which
  can be seen in many early pieces.
• materials such as aluminum, stainless steel,
  lacquer, etc.
• Bold use of stepped forms, and sweeping curves,
  symmetry and repetition,.
• Art Deco style celebrates the Machine Age through
  explicit use of man-made materials (particularly
  glass and stainless steel)

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Post-Modern Architecture

• Began as American style whose first examples are
  generally cited as being from the 1960s
• Diverse aesthetics, styles collide.
• Postmodernists feel buildings fail to meet the
  human need for comfort both for body and for the
  eye.
• Most post-modernists works are small buildings
  such as houses and stores.
• BASICALLY, ANYTHING GOES!

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• African Architecture
• Chinese Architecture
• Indian Architecture
• Islamic Architecture
• Japanese Architecture
• Persian Architecture
• Spanish Architecture
• Canadian Architecture
• Indonesian Architecture
• Mesoamerican Architecture