The Intertestamental Period: From Babylon To The Birth Of Christ

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The Intertestamental Period From Babylon To The
Birth Of Christ

• Maccabean Period Part 2

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Announcements
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Intertestamental Period
Week Date Topic
1 05 Mar 14 Overview
2 12 Mar 14 Babylonian Period (605-539 BC)
3 19 Mar 14 Persian Period (539-332 BC)
4 26 Mar 14 Greek Period (332-323 BC)
5 02 Apr 14 Ptolemaic (323-198 BC)
6 09 Apr 14 Syrian (198-168 BC)
7 16 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 1 (168-153 BC)
8 23 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 2 (153-139 BC)
9 30 Apr 14 Independence (139-63 BC)
10 07 May 14 Rome Intervenes (63 37 BC)
11 14 May 14 Herod (37 BC 4 BC)
12 21 May 14 The IT Period and Christianity (4 BC 70 AD)
13 28 May 14 Review
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Todays Objectives

• Review last weeks lesson
• Learn about the split in the Seleucid dynasty and
  about the Maccabean role
• Learn about key Seleucid rulers during the period
  from 153-139 BC
• Learn about Jonathan's role in the Jewish Wars
• Learn about the transition of power with Simon
• Review background information about Rome and key
  events during the period

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Last weeks lesson

• Reviewed last weeks lesson
• Learned about the Hasmonean dynasty
• Learned about Mattathias role in the Jewish
  uprising
• Learned about Mattathias five sons
• Reviewed Judas Maccabeus actions Learned about
  the rededication of the temple
• Learned about further oppression by Antiochus V
• Reviewed important historical notes about Rome

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Reference Material

• KJV (w/ Apocrypha)
• 1st and 2nd Maccabbees
• Josephus The Complete Works
• Herodotus The History
• Intertestamental History Mark Moore
• Ancient Rome Simon Baker
• Harding University BNEW 112 Course Notes Dr.
  Thompson
• Intertestamental Period John Battle

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Sons of Mattathias

• Mattathias dies of old age in 167 BC, soon after
  the revolt began
• He appoints his third son, Judas, as leader
• Mattathias had five sons
• John
• Simon
• Judas (or Judas the Maccabee)
• Eleazar
• Jonathan
• Three sons ruled over Judah, all five sons suffer
  violent deaths

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Where we left off.

• Judas Maccabeus treaty with Rome
• In 157 BC Roman delegate heads a commission which
  arbitrates a truce between Carthage and Masinissa
• The delegate (Cato) is awe-struck by the power he
  sees within Carthage
• Further oppression under
• Three of Five Maccabean brothers have been
  killed, only Jonathan and Simon live
• Jonathan becomes the leader its 153 BC

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Maccabean Revolt

• Was seen as a war for religious freedom to end
  the oppression of the Seleucids
• Many wanted to continue the revolt and conquer
  other lands with Jewish populations or to convert
  their people
• Exacerbated the divide between the Pharisees and
  Sadducees
• Pharisees emerging as more popular, democratic,
  and successor group of the Hasidim,
  anti-Hellenistic
• Sadducees emerging as the party of the elite,
  pro-Hellenistic, ceased to exist in 70 AD, did
  not believe in the afterlife or resurrection
• Essenes emerged as a dissident group, arguing
  that the Essene community was the new Temple

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Demetrius I Soter

• Ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire from
  187-150 BC
• Rival to Antiochus V, son of Antiochus IV
  Epiphanies
• Overthrows and kills Antiochus V
• Drawn away from his conflict with the Maccabees
  by external issues
• Enemies want Alexander Balas name ruler
• Roman Senate supports Alexander Balas
• Demtrius I is defeated in killed in 150 BC

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Demetrius II Nicator

• Son of Demetrius I Soter
• Very young, unpopular king
• Ruled the empire two different times
• 146-139 BC (contested, at war)
• 129-126 BC
• Retook the throne of the Seleucid Empire in 147
  BC, lost it to the Parthians in 139 BC
• Assisted in his efforts by Ptolemy VI of Egypt

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Alexander Balas

• Rules the Seleucid kingdom from 150-146 BC,
  marries Ptolemy VIs daughter
• Discovered by a minister of Antiochus IV
• Recognized by Roman Senate and the Egyptians as
  successor to Antiochus V
• Looses the battle of Antioch in 145 BC
• Flees to a Nabataean prince and is murdered
• Demetrius II Nicator comes to power
• Co-regent with Antiochus VI Dionysus

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King Ptolemy VI

• Ruler of Egypt from 163-145 BC
• Allied with Demetrius II against Alexander Balas
• Defeats Alexander Balas in the Battle of Antioch
  in 145 BC
• Gives his daughter (Alexanders wife) to
  Demetrius II
• Helped to build Demetrius IIs power

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Antiochus VI Dionysus

• Son of Alexander Balas (I Macc II)
• Born 148 BC, died 138 BC
• Ruled from 145 BC until he was deposed in 138
  BC
• Diodotus Tryphon, a military General under
  Alexander Balas supposedly murders him
• General Tryphon becomes the king
• In 143 BC Hasmonean rule was reinstated in Judea
  in exchange for aid

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Jonathan

• Had spent 10 years rebuilding the Jewish base of
  support
• It was 150 BC and he was the de facto ruler of
  Judah
• Controls all of Judah
• Syria still controls the Akra in Jerusalem
• Reassures Rome of the Maccabean alliance with
  Rome (ref. 1 Macc 8, 121-24)
• Rules during a period of great turmoil within the
  Seleucid empire
• Captured by Tryphon and killed in 143 BC

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1 Macc 81-6

• 1Now Judas heard of the fame of the Romans, that
  they are powerful and strong, and willingly agree
  to all things that are requested of them and
  that whosoever have come to them, they have made
  amity with them, and that they are mighty in
  power. 2 And they heard of their battles, and
  their noble acts which they had done in Galatia,
  how they had conquered them, and brought them
  under tribute They heard, etc... What is here
  set down of the history and character of the
  ancient Romans, is not an assertion, or
  affirmation of the sacred writer but only a
  relation of what Judas had heard of them. 3 And
  how great things they had done in the land of
  Spain, and that they had brought under their
  power the mines of silver and of gold that are
  there, and had gotten possession of all the place
  by their counsel and patience 4 And had
  conquered places that were very far off from
  them, and kings that came against them from the
  ends of the earth, and had overthrown them with
  great slaughter and the rest pay them tribute
  every year. 5 And that they had defeated in
  battle Philip and Perses the king of the Ceteans,
  and the rest that had borne arms against them,
  and had conquered them Ceteans... That is, the
  Macedonians. 6 And how Antiochus, the great king
  of Asia, who went to fight against them, having a
  hundred and twenty elephants, with horsemen, and
  chariots, and a very great army, was routed by
  them.

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1 Macc 87-15

• 7 And how they took him alive, and appointed to
  him, that both he and they that should reign
  after him, should pay a great tribute, and that
  he should give hostages, and that which was
  agreed upon, 8 And the country of the Indians,
  and of the Medes, and of the Lydians, some of
  their best provinces and those which they had
  taken from them, they gave to king Eumenes.
  Eumenes... King of Pergamus. 9 And that they who
  were in Greece, had a mind to go and to destroy
  them and they had knowledge thereof, 10 And they
  sent a general against them, and fought with
  them, and many of them were slain, and they
  carried away their wives, and their children
  captives, and spoiled them, and took possession
  of their land, and threw down their walls, and
  brought them to be their servants unto this day.
  11 And the other kingdoms, and islands, that at
  any time had resisted them, they had destroyed
  and brought under their power. 12 But with their
  friends, and such as relied upon them, they kept
  amity, and had conquered kingdoms that were near,
  and that were far off for all that heard their
  name, were afraid of them. 13 That whom they had
  a mind to help to a kingdom, those reigned and
  whom they would, they deposed from the kingdom
  and they were greatly exalted. 14 And none of all
  these wore a crown, or was clothed in purple, to
  be magnified thereby. 15 And that they had made
  themselves a senate house, and consulted daily
  three hundred and twenty men, that sat in counsel
  always for the people, that they might do the
  things that were right

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1 Macc 816-23

• 16 And that they committed their government to
  one man every year, to rule over all their
  country, and they all obey one, and there is no
  envy nor jealousy amongst them. To one man...
  There were two consuls but one only ruled at one
  time, each in his day. -- Ibid. No envy, etc...
  So Judas had heard and it was so far true, with
  regard to the ancient Romans, that as yet no envy
  or jealousy had divided them into such open
  factions and civil wars, as they afterwards
  experienced in the time of Marius and Sylla, etc.
  17 So Judas chose Eupolemus, the son of John,
  the son of Jacob, and Jason, the son of Eleazar,
  and he sent them to Rome to make a league of
  amity and confederacy with them 18 And that they
  might take off from them the yoke of the
  Grecians, for they saw that they oppressed the
  kingdom of Israel with servitude. 19 And they
  went to Rome, a very long journey, and they
  entered into the senate house, and said 20 Judas
  Machabeus, and his brethren, and the people of
  the Jews, have sent us to you to make alliance
  and peace with you, and that we may be registered
  your confederates and friends. 21 And the
  proposal was pleasing in their sight. 22 And this
  is the copy of the writing that they wrote back
  again, graven in tables of brass, and sent to
  Jerusalem, that it might be with them there for a
  memorial of the peace, and alliance.

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1 Macc 87-15

• 23 GOOD SUCCESS BE TO THE ROMANS, and to the
  people of the Jews by sea, and by land, for ever
  and far be the sword and enemy from them. 24 But
  if there come first any war upon the Romans, or
  any of their confederates, in all their
  dominions 25 The nation of the Jews shall help
  them according as the time shall direct, with all
  their heart 26 Neither shall they give them,
  whilst they are fighting, or furnish them with
  wheat, or arms, or money, or ships, as it hath
  seemed good to the Romans and they shall obey
  their orders, without taking any thing of them.
  27 In like manner also if war shall come first
  upon the nation of the Jews, the Romans shall
  help them with all their heart, according as the
  time shall permit them 28 And there shall not be
  given to them that come to their aid, either
  wheat, or arms, or money, or ships, as it hath
  seemed good to the Romans and they shall observe
  their orders without deceit. 29 According to
  these articles did the Romans covenant with the
  people of the Jews.

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Battle for Jonathans Support

• Between Demitrius I and Alexander Balas
• Demetrius I is forced to withdraw the Judean
  garrison
• Makes a bid for Jonathans loyalty
• Permits him to take an army
• Jonathan accepts and begins fortifying the city
• Alexander Balas offers even more favorable terms
• Appointment as the official High Priest 153 BC
• He withdraws support to Demetrius I
• Declares allegiance to Alexander Balas

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Area under Jonathans control
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Summary

• By 142 BC, two contenders remain for the throne
• Three year old Antiochus VI Dionysus, son of
  Alexander Balas, supported by General Tryphon
• Demetrius II
• Tryphon,
• Wanted Jonathans support but tricked him
• Invites Jonathan to Ptolemais with only 1000 men
  with him
• Tryphon kills all of Jonathans men
• Imprisons Jonathan and finally kills him
• Only Simon is left

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Simon

• Makes an alliance with Demetrius II
• Demetrius II takes the throne of Syria
• Grants independence to Judea
• Grants immunity from taxation
• Jews were able to drive the Syrian garrison out
  of the Akra
• Built a Hasmonean palace on its foundation
• Hasidim gave Simon the title Leader and High
  Priest Forever
• Until there should arise a faithful prophet
• He is murdered in 135 BC by a son-in-law

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Rome
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Pre-Roman World
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The Roman Republic

• A Balanced Government
• Rome elects two consuls one to lead army, one to
  direct government
• Senate- chosen from patricians (Roman upper
  class), make foreign and domestic policy
• Popular assemblies elect tribunes, make laws for
  plebeians (commoners)
• Dictators- leaders appointed briefly in times of
  crisis (appt. by consuls and senate)

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The Roman Army

• Originally land-owners
• All citizens were required to serve
• Army was powerful
• Organization fighting skill
• Legion- military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot
  soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback)

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Rome

• The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic province
• January 1st becomes the first day of the Roman
  year in 153 BC
• Carthaginian debt to Rome is fully repaid
• According to Carthage, the treaty with Rome,
  which was put in place at the end of the Second
  Punic War, is no longer in force
• Third Punic War declared Rome lands an army in
  Africa to begin the Battle of Carthage in 149 BC
• Carthage falls to Roman forces in 146 BC

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Carthage

• Phoenicians originated from southern Europe,
  along the northern Mediterranean region around
  1500 BC
• Established by Phoenician Empire 700s BC
• Phoenician Empire fell, Carthage became powerful,
  independent city-state like the city of Rome
• Carthage had a huge and powerful navy
• Took control of North Africa, Corsica, Sardinia,
  Sicily, and Spain

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Carthage
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Roman Empire 44 BC 180 AD
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Third Punic War

• Short war
• Rome invades Carthage because of aggressions
  against a third country
• Carthage destroyed (burned down) and most
  citizens sold into slavery
• 1,000,000 original inhabitants
• 50,000 remained
• Carthage so completely destroyed archeologists
  have found very few artifacts
• Rome becomes the sole superpower in the
  Mediterranean region for the next 700 years

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Review

• Reviewed last weeks lesson
• Learned about the split in the Seleucid dynasty
  and about the Maccabean role
• Learned about key Seleucid rulers during the
  period from 153-139 BC
• Learned about Jonathan's role in the Jewish Wars
• Learned about the transition of power with Simon
• Reviewed background information about Rome and
  key events during the period