Midterm%20Review:%20Foundations%20Unit%20Through%20600%20C.E.

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Title: Midterm%20Review:%20Foundations%20Unit%20Through%20600%20C.E.

1
Midterm Review Foundations UnitThrough 600 C.E.
2
1. Hunter Gatherers

Social Lived in small bands very few social
distinctions during this period.
Political In permanent dwellings, in many cases
there were rulers and craftsmen who organized the
dwellings.
Religious Ritual observances buried the dead
with ceremony. cave art showed ritual
observances and Venus figurines represented
fertility. This showed the ritual observances of
Cro-magnon man.
Intellectual Systematic in their migrations,
i.e. wore disguises (animal skins)
Economic Because of the life of the hunter
gatherer, there was no private property and no
economic system.

3
Venus Figurine
4
1. Transition to Agriculture

The neolithic era and the transition to
agriculture
The origins of agriculture
Neolithic era new stone age refined tools and
agriculture
From about twelve thousand to six thousand years
ago
Neolithic women began systematic cultivation of
plants
Neolithic men began to domesticate animals
Early agriculture around 9000 B.C.E.
Agriculture emerged independently in several
parts of the world
Merchants, migrants, and travelers spread food
knowledge
Slash-and-burn cultivation involved frequent
movement of farmers

5
2. What role did the environment play in the
development of human society? How did the
development of human society affect the
environment and technological change?

Early societies built around major river systems.
Early cultivators built reservoirs, dug canals
and established irrigation systems
Establishment of agricultural societies with
surplus.
Surplus allowed for specialization of labor
The acquisition of private property brought about
distinctions in class and patriarchal society.

6
1. Civilization (3200 to 2350 B.C.E.)

Social Agriculture allowed for the
specialization of labor, increased population and
the establishment of villages and ultimately
cities. Class system emerged, including slaves
establishment of a patriarchal society
Political Establishment of city-states that
directed not just cities but outlying areas.
Kings and nobles ruled
Religious temples were built priests, public
rituals
Intellectual professional craftsmen, writing
systems were developed.
Technology iron metallurgy, bronze metallurgy,
the wheel, shipbuilding
Economic Based on agriculture Market places
provided a center for long distance trade.

7
3. Basic Features of Early Complex Societies
Mesopotamia (3200-586 B.C.E.)
8
Mesopotamian Civilization

3000 BCE
Settlement within the fertile crescent increases
Contact with other cultures in the area
Sumerian cities develop
Concentrating in the southern regions of the
alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers
Why?
Most fertile soil

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Mesopotamian Civilization

2800 2370 BCE Sumerian kingdom building
Dominant force in Mesopotamia
Created cuneiform

Started as pictograms
Used to record daily life
Creation of City-states
Establishment of set codes of laws

11
Mesopotamian Civilization

Religion takes important role in life
Deities are in human forms and represent some
natural phenomenon
No separation of Church and state
Ziggurats religious centers

Humans were subservient to the Gods
Gods are hard to predict
Art of Divination

12
Epic of Gilgamesh

The Epic of Gilgamesh recounts the adventures of
Gilgamesh, king of the ancient Mesopotamian city
of Uruk, in his quest for immortality.
Composed about 2000 bce on clay tablets. One of
the oldest literary works.
The poem is probably Sumerian in origin but was
absorbed and adapted by succeeding eastern
Mediterranean civilizations.
In the first prose passage, the goddess Ishtar
tries to entice Gilgamesh to marry her
Gilgameshs rejection enrages Ishtar and she
seeks revenge.
In the second passage, the sage Utnapishtim
reveals that the gods once attempted to
exterminate humankind with a great flood.

13
Gilgamesh
14
Mesopotamian Civilization

Akkadians rise to dominance
Semitic speaking people from upstream
Kingdom centered at Akkad
Near the site of the later city of Babylon
2,300 BCE Sargon conquers the Sumerians
Establishes a 200 year empire
External attack and internal weakness end the
dynasty

15
Mesopotamian Civilization

Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE)
Created most comprehensive and best preserved
code of laws
Possibly the first written fully codified laws

16
Ancient Egypt

Centered along the Nile River and its tributaries
Nile River is 4,000 miles long flowing from
Khartoum to the Mediterranean
Flood cycle of the Nile helped shape ancient
Egyptian life
Protected by location
Originally divided into two kingdoms
Upper Egypt river valley
Lower Egypt river delta

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18
Ancient Egypt

Menes unified Upper and Lower Egypt in approx.
3000 BCE, establishing the first Egyptian Dynasty
Capital located at Memphis
King or Pharaoh was considered divine
Entire society was organized under the Pharaoh
trade, labor, religion

19
Ancient Egypt

Old Kingdom (2700-2200 BCE)
Adopted the pictograph from from the
Mesopotamians
Hieroglyphics
Had intricate religious and afterlife detail
Instituted magnificent burial practices to
evidence the power of the Pharaoh

20
Indus Valley civilization
21
3. Basic Features of Early Complex Societies
Indus Valley Harappan Society (2500 B.C.E. to
500 B.C.E.)

Geographical Like the Nile, the Indus draws its
waters from rain and melting snow in the Hindu
Kush and Himalayan Mountains.
Social Like in Mesopotamia and Egypt,
agricultural surplus in India increased food
supply, stimulated population, encouraged
specialized labor, and established cities.
Social - The Aryans brought the caste system to
Harappan society patriarchal (Lawbook of Manu
encouraged men to treat women with respect and
women to know their place) By end of the Vedic
age, the merging of Aryan and Dravidian
traditions generated a distinctive Indian
society.
Political No evidence is available concerning
the Harappan political system although ruins of
structures indicate governmental centers.
Religious The Aryans (Indo European nomads)
brought the Rig Veda (polytheistic hymns) to
India. As centuries passed Dravidian ideas were
introduced through the Upanishads which
introduced the idea of reincarnation.
Economic - traded wheat, barley, and cotton with
Mesopotamia

22
Indus Valley River Society
23
3. Basic Features of Early Complex Societies
Shang China (1766 to 1122 B.C.E.)

Geographical_ The Yellow River provided the
water source at the high plateau of the Tibet.
Loess soil carried by the rivers water produced
the yellow color. Extensive flooding. Loess
provided rich soil, soft and easy to work.
Social a privileged class of hereditary
aristocrats, small class of free artisans and
craftsmen, merchants and traders, peasant class.
Women worked mostly in indoor activities, i.e.
wine making, silkworms, etc. Society was
patriarchal.
Political Ruled by kings who used the
agricultural surplus to build the military into
thousands. Also, used surplus to support
military allies who could help them. Shang China
included advisors, ministers, craftsmen, and
metal smiths who helped Shang rulers spread their
influence.
Religious No official state religion but there
was Veneration of ancestors worship of those
who had passed on
Intellectual Oracle Bones were used to tell the
future. Earliest form of Chinese writing was the
pictograph.
Technological Bronze metallurgy transformed
China during this period. Horses, horse-drawn
chariots they used the vehicles to conquer the
Xia and other adversaries.
Economic Wheat cultivation, bronze and iron
metallurgy, horse-drawn chariots and wheeled
vehicles made their way from SW Asia to China.-

24
Shang Dynasty
25
3. Basic Features of Early Complex Societies
MesoAmerica (1200 B.C.E. to 700 C.E.)

Geographical By 9500 B.C.E. Migrants from
Siberia had reached the southernmost part of
South Americamore than 10, 566 miles from the
Bering land bridge.
Social Large class of priests and kings,
merchants from the ruling and noble classes,
peasants and slaves provided agricultural and
physical labor for the construction of cities and
monuments.
Political The Maya organized themselves
politically into small city-kingdoms. Mayan
kings and their families ruled. There were many
conflicts between the kingdoms.
Religious Mayan religion was tied to
agriculture. The Mayan people thought that the
gods maintained agricultural cycle. Human
sacrifice involved bloodletting.
Intellectual Mayan priests studied astronomy
and mathematics and developed a calendar and
writing system. Mayan script included ideological
elements and symbols for syllables creation of
huge human heads (Olmecs)
Technological They built temples, palaces,
pyramids, and monuments.
Economic produce maize, cotton, cacao beans

26
Olmecs and Mayans
27
4. Basic Features of Classical Empires China
(500 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.) Shang, Qin, Han

Social Distinctions between the rich and poor
increased during Han dynasty. Wealthy
individuals wore silk, leather shoes, and gold
while dining on pork, fish, and wine. The poor
lived on rice.
Political Centralized imperial bureaucracy .
China was divided into administrative provinces
and districts and was governed by officers of the
central government.
Religious Mandate of Heaven
Intellectual Confucianism advocated moral,
ethical, and political character and
practicality he established cultivation of high
moral standards. He emphasized filial piety or
childrens respect for parents and family elders.
Daoism retreat from engagement in the world of
politics and administration. This was in
contradiction to Confucianism. Legalists didnt
care about morality or ethics. They argued that
the state should be strengthened at all costs.
Ban Zhao Admonitions for Women
Technological Roads, defensive walls, common
script was established during this time
Economic Iron industry moved beyond agriculture
to include pots, stoves, armor Han invented
paper Manufacture of silk high taxes forced
many small landowners to sell their property or
sell themselves into slavery. Land ended up in
the hands of the rich.

28
Great Wall of China
29
4. Basic Features of Classical Empires India
(563 B.C.E. to 550 C.E.) Mauryan Dynasty Gupta
Dynasty

Social Caste System brahmins (priests),
kshatriyas (warriors and aristocrats), vaishyas
(peasants and merchants), and shudras (serfs)
Patriarchal dominance child marriage was common
Political Chandragupta Maurya brought
centralized, unified government to the
subcontinent of India for a short period, but
after the fall of Mauryas empire, local rulers
formed a series of kingdoms that brought order to
large regions.
Religious Jainism (inspired by Upanishads)
Everything in the universe possesses a soul, no
recognition of social heirarchies Buddhism,
Hinduism
Intellectual
Technological roads between Persia and India,
cotton, aromatics, black pepper, pearls, and gems
were principal exports. Horses came from western
lands, silk from China

30
4. Basic Features of Classical Empires
Classical Greek Society (220 B.C.E. to 323 B.C.E.)

Social Patriarchal society. Greek women were
under the authority of their fathers, husbands,
or sons. Women could not own land but they did
operate small businesses. Sparta was an
exception. Women were active participants in
festivals and contest. Literacy was common
among upper class Greek women. There were
aristocratic families, slaves made up of free
Greeks who could not pay their debts.
Political city-state or polis There was no
centralized, imperial state even though there
were many colonies throughout the Mediterranean.
Colonies relied on their own resources.
Religious polytheistic (Greek deities)
Intellectual Olympic games They learned
astronomy, science, math, medicine, and magic
from the Babylonians and geometry and medicine
from the Egyptians. They adapted Phoenician
alphabet. Socrates and Plato see video.
Christian and Islamic theologians tried to
harmonize their religious beliefs with
philosophical views of Plato and Aristotle. Greek
drama
See video on Plato.
Economic Colonies encouraged trade. The
cultivation of olives and grapes for wine

31
4. Basic Features of Classical Empires
Classical Roman Society (753 B.C.E. to 70 C.E.)

Social Patriarchal society. Greek women were
under the authority of their fathers, husbands,
or sons. Women could not own land but they did
operate small businesses. Sparta was an
exception. Women were active participants in
festivals and contest. Literacy was common
among upper class Greek women. There were
aristocratic families, slaves who were originally
made up of free Greeks who could not pay their
debts. See video on Venice.
Political republic made up of consuls and a
Senate consuls were elected by wealthy
aristocrats
Religious polytheistic (Greek deities)
Intellectual Olympic games They learned
astronomy, science, math, medicine, and magic
from the Babylonians and geometry and medicine
from the Egyptians. They adapted Phoenician
alphabet. Socrates and Plato see video.
Christian and Islamic theologians tried to
harmonize their religious beliefs with
philosophical views of Plato and Aristotle. Greek
drama (see class video)
Technological road, aqueducts, public works
projects
Economic Colonies encouraged trade. Rome
relied on the agriculture of other places, i.e.
olives and Grapes from Greece, wine and horses
from Spain. The Roman military and naval power
kept the seas safe.

32
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Hinduism, the Worlds Oldest
Religion

The classical theory of the origins of Hinduism
traces the religion's roots to the Indus valley
civilization 4000 to 2200 B. C. E.
The development of Hinduism was influenced by
many invasions over thousands of years. The major
influences occurred when light-skinned, nomadic
"Aryan" Indo-European tribes invaded Northern
India from the steppes of Russia and Central
Asia.
The Aryans brought with them their religion of
Vedism. These beliefs mingled with the more
advanced, indigenous Indian native beliefs.

33
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Hinduism

The primary sacred texts of Hinduism are the
Vedas, a series of hymns, incantations, and
rituals from ancient India.The Rig Veda (a.k.a.
Rigveda) may be the oldest of the four.
A short poetic work called the Bhagavad Gita
introduced the concept of the caste system and
salvation.
The Upanishads deal with Vedic philosophy and
form the conclusions of each of the Vedas. "They
elaborate on how the soul (Atman) can be united
with the ultimate truth (Brahman) through
contemplation and mediation, as well as the
doctrine of Karma-- the cumulative effects of a
persons' actions."

34
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Hinduism

Hinduism has commonly been viewed in the west as
a polytheistic religion - one which worships
multiple deities gods and goddesses.
Although a widespread belief, this is not
particularly accurate. Some have viewed it as a
monotheistic religion, because it recognizes only
one supreme God the principle of Brahman. The
entire universe is seen as one divine entity who
is simultaneously at one with the universe and
who transcends it as well.
Strictly speaking, most forms of Hinduism
recognize a single deity, and other gods and
goddesses as facets, forms, manifestations, or
aspects of that supreme God.
Hinduism spread to Asia via the Silk Road.

35
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Buddhism

Originated in India
Siddhartha Gautama (born 563 B.C.E.) left his
comfortable and elaborate life in the foothills
of the Himalayas for an ascetic, wandering life.
He wanted to understand the phenomenon of
suffering.
According to legend, after 49 days of meditation,
he received enlightenment.
He understood the problem of suffering and how
humans could escape it. At that point, he became
Buddha, or the enlightened one.
He attracted disciples who became known as monks.
They traveled on foot, preaching Buddhas
doctrine.

36
Siddhartha Gautama
37
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Buddhism

The Four Noble Truths
All life involves suffering.
Desire is the cause of suffering.
Elimination of desire means the elimination of
suffering.
A disciplined life brings the elimination of
desire.

38
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Buddhism

A reduction in the desire for material goods and
other world attractions result in a detachment
from the world itself.
This would lead to personal salvation and an
escape from the cycle of incarnation and
attainment of nirvana, a state of perfect
spiritual independence.

39
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Buddhism

Early preachers and monks avoided the use of
Sanskrit, the literary language of the Veda that
brahmins used in favor of the vernacular.
This reached a larger audience.
Ashoka Maurya embraced Buddhism and helped
spread the faith throughout India.
Buddhism attracted merchants, artisans, and
others of low rank. It appealed to many because
of its disregard for social classes.
Buddhism spread to China via merchants on the
Silk Road.

40
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Judaism (Origins)

Monotheism, or the worship of one god is
attributed to the Hebrews, or Jews.
The Hebrews trace their origins back to Abraham
who migrated from Mesopotamia to the land of
Canaan on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean
about 2000 B.C.E
Because of famine in Canaan, the descendants of
Abraham migrated to Egypt, which had escaped
famine.
The Hebrews remained there about 430 years, part
of this time serving as slaves under the pharaoh.
The Exodus from Egypt under the leadership of
Moses was marked by the giving of the Ten
Commandments .
Returning to the land of Canaan, or Palestine,
they established a theocracy, or a government
ruled by religious leaders.

41
Abrahams Journey
Moses and the Exodus from Egypt to Canaan
42
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Judaism (Basic Beliefs)

The heart of Judaism was a covenant, or
agreement, between God and Abraham in which
Yahweh would be their god and the Jews would be
his people.
The history of this covenant relationship became
the basis of the Torah, or the Hebrew scriptures.

43
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Judaism (A Brief History)

The Hebrews established the kingdom of Israel
about 1000 B.C.E. under Saul.
During the rule of Sauls successor, David,
Jerusalem became the capital is Israel.
The kingdom weakened under Davids successor,
Solomon, because of the heavy taxes he imposed.
Eventually dividing into two kingdoms, the
Northern kingdom of Israel fell to the Assyrians
in 722 B.C.E.
Its inhabitants scattered throughout the far
reaches of the Assyrian empire, constituting the
first Jewish diaspora or exile.
The southern kingdom, called Judah, endured until
586 B.C.E.
Conquered by the Chaldeans (from the same
territory as the Babylonian empire, the people of
Judah were carried off into captivity into
Babylon.
When Cyrus conquered the Chaldeans and allowed
the Jews to return to Palestine 70 years later,
Palestine remained under Persian rule until it
became into the Roman empire in 63 C.E.
In 132 C.E. after they rebelled against Roman
rule, the Jews were spread throughout the Roman
Empire in a second diaspora.

44
Division of Israel into northern and southern
kingdoms
45
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Judaism

Unlike other religions of the period, notably
Buddhism and Christianity, Judaism was not a
missionary religion.

46
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Christianity (Origins)

A key element of early Judaism was the belief
that God had promised to send the Jews a Messiah
or a savior form their sins.
Some of the early Jews felt that promise was
fulfilled when Jesus was born in the Roman
province of Judea about 4 to 6 B.C.E.
As an adult, Jesus and his 12 disciplines went
throughout the land of Judea, preaching the
forgiveness of sins.
Jesus was also called Christ meaning,
annointed.
When Jesus teachings were feared as a threat to
Roan and Jewish authority, cooperation between
both Jewish and Roman leaders led to his trial
and death by crucifixion.
After Jesus execution, his followers strongly
felt his presence and proclaimed that he had
triumphed over death by rising from the grave.

47
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Christianity (Origins)

Following Jesus teachings, Christians compiled a
body of writing about Jesus life, reports of his
followers works, and letters outlining Christian
beliefs.
Christians referred to this body of writing as
the New Testament. It became the holy book of
Christianity.
The principal figure in the expansion of
Christianity was Paul of Tarsus, a Jew from
Anatolia who preached his faith throughout the
Roman empire.
Pauls doctrine promised a glorious future for
those who conscientiously observed the faith.
Paul traveled widely throughout Greece, Anatolia,
Syria and Palestine

48
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Christianity

Several Roman emperors considered Christianity a
threat to their rule.
Emperor Diocletian persecuted the Christian
church, but it continued to grow in spite of
this.
In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine change the
position of earlier Roman emperors.
In the Edict of Milan, Constantine permitted the
practice of Christianity in the Roman empire.
Christianity became the official religion of the
Roman empire in 381 under the Emperor Theodosius.
After its adoption as the state church of Rome,
Christianity began developing an organization
under the leadership of the bishop of Rome or
pope.
Christianity gained popularity because of its
appeal to all social classes, especially the
poor.
Women received new status as Christianity taught
that men and women were equal in matters of
faith.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Christianity
spread to northern Europe, the Balkans, and
Russia.

49
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Confucianism

Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) and his school
Confucius
Educator and political advisor
Sayings were compiled in the Analects by his
disciples
Confucian ideas
Fundamentally moral and ethical in character
Thoroughly practical how to restore political
and social order
Concentrated on formation of junzi--"superior
individuals"
Edited and compiled the Zhou classics for his
disciples to study
Key Confucian values
Ren--a sense of humanity, kindness, benevolence
Li--a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect,
deference to elders
Xiao--filial piety, familial obligation
Cultivate personal morality and junzi for
bringing order to China
Mencius (372-289 B.C.E.), spokesman for the
Confucian school
Believed in the goodness of human nature (ren)
Advocated government by benevolence and humanity
Xunzi (298-238 B.C.E.) had a less positive view
of human nature
Believed that humans selfishly pursue own
interests

50
5. Basic Features of World Belief Systems
through 600 C.E. Daoism (see Taylor and Katies
video)

Daoism featured prominent critics of Confucian
activism
Preferred philosophical reflection and
introspection, a life in harmony with nature
Laozi, founder of Daoism, allegedly wrote the
Daodejing (Classic of the Way and of Virtue)
Zhuangzi (compendium of Daoist philosophy)
The Dao--the way of nature, the way of the cosmos
Elusive concept an eternal principle governing
all the workings of the world
Dao is passive and yielding, does nothing yet
accomplishes everything
Humans should tailor their behavior to the
passive and yielding nature of the Dao
Ambition and activism had only brought the world
to chaos
Doctrine of wuwei disengagement from worldly
affairs, simple life
Advocated small, self-sufficient communities
Political implications served as counterbalance
to Confucian activism

51
6. Causes for the Decline of Empire Han China

Heavy taxes levied on peasants
The decline in the interest in Confucian
intellectual goals.
Poor harvests.
Population declines from epidemic disease
Social unrest, i.e. Yellow Turban Uprising
Weak emperors and the increased influence of army
generals
Unequal land distribution
A decline in trade
Invasions from nomadic tribes

52
6. Causes for the Decline of Empire Western
Roman Empire

Ineffective later emperors
The influence of army generals
The decline of trade
Increasingly high taxes
Decreased money flow into empire as conquests of
new territory ceased.
Population declines as a result of epidemic
disease
Poor harvests
Unequal land distribution
Social and moral decay and disinterest of the
elite classes
Recruitment of non-Romans in the Roman army
Vastness of the empire, making it difficult to
rule
Outside invasions

53
7. What was the impact of the Huns in India?

The White Huns, a nomadic people from central
Asia, crossed the Hindu Kush mountains into
India.
For the first half of the 5th century, the
Guptas were able to fight off the Huns.
By the end of the fifth century, the Huns had
established several kingdoms in northern and
western India.
This helped aid the decentralization and
establishment of regional kingdoms in India.

54
Germanic and Hun Invasions
55
7. What was the impact of the Germanic invasions
and the Huns in Western Europe during the late
classical period?

In the 5th century, nomadic Huns began migrating
south and west in search of better pasturelands.
The movement of the Huns exerted pressure on
Germanic tribes who already lived around the
border of the Roman Empire.
These tribes, in turn, overran the Roman borders.
By 425, several Germanic kingdoms were set up
within the empire.
By 476, the last western Roman emperor was
replaced by a Germanic ruler from the tribe of
the Visigoths, settled agriculturalists.

56
7. What was the impact of the Germanic invasions
and the Huns in Western Europe during the late
classical period?

Under the leadership of Attila the Hun, the Huns
achieved hegemony over several well-organized
rivals by using superior weaponry such as the
composite bow and a well-organized system of
taxation.
Supplementing their wealth by plundering wealthy
Roman cities to the south, the Huns maintained
the loyalties of a diverse number of tributary
tribes.
Both the Germanic and Hun invasions were
instrumental forces in the dissolution of the
Roman empire.

57
8. Explain the exchange of goods and ideas on
the Silk Roads.