The%20Romans

1
The Romans

• Chapter 6
• Section 1
• Section 2
• Section 3
• Section 5

2
Legend vs. Reality

• Twins, Romulus and Remus, raised by she-wolves
  and decided to build a city near the spot they
  were abandoned by their father, the god Mars, and
  a Latin Princess.
• Reality- spot was chosen due to its location and
  fertile soil.
• Seven rolling hills located near the Tiber River
  in the center of the Italian Peninsula
• Near the mid-point of the Mediterranean sea.

3
Early Settlers

• Arrived between 1000 and 500 BC
• Greeks, Latins and Etruscans- Latins built the
  original Rome
• Greeks established colonies in southern Italy
  which brought them in contact with Greek culture
• Etruscans known for metal working, writing and
  architecture

4
Early Roman Republic

• Rome became controlled by Etruscan kings around
  600 BC
• Last one Tarquin the Proud was a harsh dictator
• Romans established res Republica (means public
  affairs)
• A republic is a form of government in which power
  rests with citizens who have the right to vote
  for their leaders (Free born male citizens)

5
Roman Law

• Tribunes- the elected representatives of the
  plebeians assembly to protect the plebeians from
  unfarir acts of patrician officials
• The Twelve Tables
• 451 BC- laws were carved on 12 stone tablets and
  hung in the forum (center of government)
• Guaranteed the ideas of free citizens having
  equal protection under the law.

6
The Struggle for Power

• Patricians- wealthy land owners
• Had and wanted to retain most of the power
• Inherited power based on social status
• Held the highest government positions
• Plebeians- commoners
• Farmers, artisans, and merchants
• Made the majority of the population
• Citizens with the right to vote
• Barred from holding the highest positions in
  government

7
What the Romans Valued

• Their Government
• republic
• Their Military
• All land owners required to serve
• 10 years service required for some political
  offices
• Key factors in Romes rise
• Fighting skills
• Military organization

8
Military Organization
We support the Infantry
Legion
Infantry 5000
Calvary
Century 80
Century 80
Century 80
Century 80
There were more of us we could move FAST!
9
The Spread of Roman Power Conquest

• By 265 BC Rome controlled the Italian Peninsula
• Treated conquered people differently (LENIENCY)
• Nearest to Rome Full Citizens
• Citizenship w/out right to vote
• Allies of Rome- 2 conditions
• Must supply soldiers for army
• Can not make Allies with anyone else but Rome

10
The Spread of Roman Power Trade a Commercial
Network

• Location, Location, Location
• Land and Sea
• Traded olive oil and wine for foods, raw
  materials and manufactured goods
• Other powerful traders interfered with the access
  to the Mediterranean

11
Patricians or PlebiansMake a Venn-Diagram and
fill it in using the following

• Could vote
• Wealthy Aristocrats
• Landowner, merchants, shopkeepers, farmers

• Could hold public office from the start
• Resented lack of power
• Elected the tribunes
• Could not hold public office
• Mandatory military sevice

12
Punic Wars
13
The First Punic Wars

• Rome vs. Carthage (a civilization in N. Africa)
  over control of Mediterranean trade
• Events
• Control of Sicily Western Med.
• Lasted 23 years
• Rome won

14
Second Punic War

• Hannibal
• 50,000 infantry 9000 cavalry
• 60 elephants
• Goal Capture Rome
• Path across Spain through the Alps
• For 10 years his army taunted the Romans

15
The Third Punic War

• Hannibal had been in Italy for all those years,
  but Romans held out
• Roman general (Scipio) had a plan
• GET HANNIBAL OUT OF ITALY
• Attack Carthage
• Rome burned the city and sold 50,000 residents
  into slavery
• made it a Roman territory control

16
The Roman Empire

• Chapter 6
• Section 2

17
The Collapse of the Republic

• As the Romans expanded, their republic form of
  government gradually became unstable
• Things that brought problems to the republic
• Economic turmoil
• Military Upheaval

18
Economic Turmoil and More

• Huge gap between rich and poor, slaves were
  largest group
• Former soldiers sell land to estates
• They become homeless (urban poor) or migrant
  laborers
• Generals seized more personal power,
• New group of soldiers (urban poor or migrants)
  rejoined the army
• New soldiers owed allegiance to their generals
  who promise them wealth
• The Republic is now in a position to be taken
  over by one of them

19
Military Upheaval (Review)

• The military was once very loyal to Rome.
  (Because they were Romans)
• They began to recruit non-Romans who fought for
  their commander who promised them things, rather
  that fighting for ROME
• This gave the military more power, and the
  military leaders gained power too

20
Julius Caesars Rise to Power

• He was a powerful general
• Elected as counsel to run the government as a
  Triumvirate (Group of 3 rulers)
• He served as counsel for 1 year
• Appointed himself governor of Gaul

21
Julius Rise to Power (pt.2)

• Conquered Gaul by fighting along side his
  soldiers and won their allegiance
• People in Rome are talking about him
• Pompey (Counsel) feared Caesar's popularity and
  ordered his legion to disband

22
Caesars Return to Rome

• Caesar Crosses the Rubicon River and Pompey runs
  away!
• 46 BC Caesar defeats the opposition in the senate
• 44 BC- he was appointed dictator for life

23
Caesars Leadership as an Absolute Ruler

• Reforms brought to the empire
• Granted citizenship to people in provinces
• Expanded the senate added supporters from
  throughout Italy and other region
• Jobs for poor (public buildings)
• Started colonies for more people to own land
• Increased pay for soldiers

24
The Results of Reform

• Nobles feared their own loss of power
• Some considered him a tyrant and wanted him dead.
• Death of Julius Caesar
• March 15, 44 BC 23 important senators led by
  Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted to kill
  him in the senate chamber- all stabbed him to
  death

25
Pause and Review

• Create an Acrostic with a partner for COLLAPSE
  in which you describe the end of the republic and
  formation of the Empire
• Read the excerpt from Colleen McCulloughs book
  Caesars Women
• Answer the following Do you think this excerpt
  supports the notion that Caesar was a genius at
  military strategy? Explain with evidence from the
  text.

26
Rome after the assassination of Julius Caesar

• After Caesars death civil war broke out in Rome
• Second Triumvirate came to rule consisting of
• Octavian (Caesars adopted son)
• Mark Antony (A general)
• Lepidus (Powerful politician)
• Eventually Octavian came out on top
• Octavian took the title of Augustus which means
  exalted one or emperor

27
A Vast and Powerful Empire

• Augustus rule ushered in the Pax Romana meaning
  Roman Peace
• 207 years
• Time of prosperity
• 3 million square miles
• Population 60-80 million
• 1 million lived in the city of Rome

28
Aspects of Augustus rule

• Efficient government with strong rule
• Stabilized the frontier
• Glorified Rome with public buildings
• Civil service paid government workers
• Plebeians became civil servants and eventually
  administered the empire.

29
After the death of Augustus

• The Empire continued to remain stable (due to
  the large civil service), but he forgot to do one
  thingappoint a successor.

30
Trade and Industry

• Trade was made possible through
• Thriving agriculture
• Common coinage (money)
• Trading network of roads and shipping
• Most important industry in Rome was agriculture
• About 90 of Romans were farmers

31
Slavery and Society

• About 1/3 of the population were slaves
• Most slaves were property meaning that their
  owner could punish, reward, set free or kill
  them.
• Society
• Many Romans were poor
• The government gave them entertainment
• Gladiators

32
Chapter 6, Section 4 The Fall of the Roman
Empire
33

• A Century of Crisis
• A.
• Romes Economy Weakens
• 1. trade disrupted
• 2. raised taxes
• 3. minted same coins made with less silver
• a. inflation value of money drops prices
  rise
• 4. farmland destroyed overworked soil lost
  fertility
• a. food shortages population decline
• B. Military and Political Turmoil
• 1. mercenaries recruited foreign soldiers
  who serve for pay
• a. not loyal to Rome
• 2. citizens lost sense of patriotism, became
  indifferent

34

• Emperors Attempt Reform
• A.
• Diocletian Reforms the Empire
• 1. limited personal freedoms, but restored
  order
• 2. doubled size of army
• 3. fixed prices
• 4. divided empire Greek-speaking East
  Latin- speaking West
• B. Constantine Moves the Capital
• 1. restored concept of single ruler
• 2. Byzantium became new capital, later named
  Constantinople
• a. center of power in empire shifted east
• b. power divided again after Constantines
  death

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tive
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(No Transcript)
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• The Western Empire Crumbles
• A. Germanic Invasions
• 1. Germanic tribes moved to Roman lands to
  escape Huns overran Romans
• B. Attila the Hun
• 1. terrorized Roman Empire, but never captured
  capital or Rome
• C. An Empire No More
• 1. eastern ½ of empire became Byzantine Empire
  
• 2. Roman ideas, customs, institutions spread
  

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tive
Attila the Hun
37

• On a separate sheet of paper
• Review the Multiple Causes Fall of the Western
  Roman Empire on page 174
• Answer the two Skill builder questions
• Read the four Sources on page 177 and answer the
  Document Based Questions

38
Religion in the Roman Empire

• Chapter 6 Section 3
• The Rise of Christianity

39
. Create a chart with the heading below in your
notebooks. Then, give two or three examples
showing how each element helped Christianity
become a major world religion in a few centuries.
40
The Romans and The Jews

• Roman power spread to Judea around 63 BC
• Romans allowed the Jews to remain independent (in
  name)
• Jews practiced their faith
• In AD 6, Rome took control of the Jewish province
• Many Jews believed they would be free again-
  based on the Savior God promised

41
The Life and Teachings of Jesus

• 6-4 BC Born in the Roman Empire-
• Raised in the Jewish tradition
• Was a carpenter by trade
• Ministry at age 30 preached, taught, did good
  works, performed miracles

42
Jesus Teachings

• Ideas from the Jewish tradition
• Monotheism
• Ten Commandments
• Emphasized and stressed
• Gods personal relationship to each person
• Love for God, neighbors, enemies and self
• God would end wickedness
• Eternal kingdom for those who sincerely repent
  for their sins

43
More About His Life

• Few historical records
• Gospels First four books of New Testament are
  the best record of his teachings
• His fame grew as he preached and ignored wealth,
  fame, and status
• He especially appealed to the poor

44
Jesus Death

• Jesus claimed to be the MESSIAH- or savior-
  Jewish leaders denied this claim
• Jewish leaders accused him of blasphemy
• Pontius Pilate accused him of defying Roman
  authority
• Sentenced to death by crucifixion

45
A New Religion

• Christianity began following His death
• Pax Romana allowed this to spread freely
• Paul (apostle) wrote Epistles in the common
  languages of Latin and Greek clarifying the
  Christian belief system

46
Jewish Rebellion and Christian Persecution

• Two Jewish rebellions led to the destruction of
  their holiest temple and the Diaspora- dispersal
  of Jews from their homeland will last 1800
  yrs.
• Christians refused to worship Roman gods and were
  blamed for political and economic troubles in the
  empire.
• Decline of Pax Romana increased persecution of
  Christians
• Crucified, burned, fed to animals

47
A New World Religion

• Appeals of Christianity
• Constantine accepted Christianity
• End of persecution of Christians in 313 AD
• 380 AD the emperor Theodosius made Christianity
  the official religion of the empire

48
Romes Enduring Legacy

• Chapter 6 Section 5
• Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

49
Greco-Roman Culture

• A.K.A. classical civilization
• Combination of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman
  cultures and beliefs.
• Greece, once overcome, overcame her wild
  conqueror
• What does this mean?

50
The Fine Arts of Rome

• Art and literature represented Roman ideals of
  strength, permanence and solidity.
• Learned sculpture from the Greeks, but theirs was
  more realistic
• Art was used for public education

51
Bas Relief Sculpture

• Carved image projecting from a flat background-
• usually represented soldiers, crowds of people,
  or landscapes

52
Mosaics

• Pictures or designs made by placing small stones,
  tiles, or glass onto a flat surface.

Dionysos is the god of wine
53
Painting- Frescos

• Bright, large murals painted directly onto walls
• Best examples are at Pompeii and were preserved
  by the eruption of Mt Vesuvius

Venus and Mars
54
Literature and Philosophy

• Again, borrowed from the Greeks
• Stoicism encouraged virtue, duty, moderation and
  endurance
• Virgil poet who modeled his writing after Homer.
  Wrote the Aneid which glorified the Roman
  government

55
The Recording of Roman History

• Livy- wrote a multivolume Roman history that
  incorporated legends and myths- not a true
  history
• Tacitus- presented accurate facts- even when it
  was critical of the actions of some emperors

56
The Legacy of the Roman Language

• Latin
• Basis for education long after the fall of the
  empire and R.C.C. until the 20th century
• Influenced Romance languages (French, Spanish,
  Portugese, Italian, Romanian and English)

57
The Legacy of Roman Architecture

• Spectacular building (Coliseum) combined arches,
  columns and concrete
• Thomas Jefferson models for the US capital and
  other public buildings
• Aqueducts- water channels that brought water into
  cities
• Roman Roads- some are still in use today

58
Influence of Roman Law

• Their most lasting and wide-spread influence
• Equal treatment under the law
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Burden of proof with accuser, not the accused
• Punishment for actions, not thoughts
• Set aside unreasonable or unfair laws

59

• LEGACY OF ANCIENT ROME
• Complete the readings and Analyze the
  documents/images