Unit Three

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Unit Three

• The Pursuit of Justice

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Key Terms and Concepts

1. Common Good a concept of policy and or practice
   which subordinates individual benefit to the
   perceived benefit and thus well-being of the
   larger group or society.
2. Crimes Against Humanity atrocious acts outside
   and beyond the laws and customs of war (conflict)
   which in nature and or scale violate all
   standards of reason, dignity, and human nature.

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1. Human Rights rights which belong to all persons
   irrespective of race, belief, gender,
   nationality, physical and mental abilities, etc.
   Eg freedom of speech, religion, assembly etc.
   freedom from fear, hunger, discrimination the
   right to a fair trial, to earn a living, etc.
2. Justice variously, the concept of fairness and
   equity, the use of authority tp promote and
   maintain rights, the sense that a proper reward
   has been earned/granted for doing good or for
   doing evil.

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1. Rule of Law a condition that ensures all
   actions in a state corporate and individual,
   public and private are subject to the letter
   and process of the laws of the state.
2. Self-determination the freedom of individuals,
   groups and nations to establish and pursue
   political, economic, and social goals without
   interferrence.

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• The charter of the United Nations committed that
  organizations to reaffirm faith in fundamental
  human rights, in the dignity and worth of the
  human person in the equal right of men and women
  and of large nations and small.
• These basic principles were to set the tone for
  an era. Yet these values of modern western
  civilization have not always been applied by
  western societies. The colonizing nations, in
  their treatment of their overseas subjects,
  frequently denied people their fundamental human
  rights.

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• As we have seen, the Soviet Union and its
  Eastern European satellites have only recently
  allowed their citizens fundamental rights. It
  had been generally argued, however, that the
  domestic politics of Western Europe and North
  America have maintained the ideas of the
  Enlightenment tradition.
• But this in fact has not been the case.
  Fundamental human values, rights, and freedom
  have not always been equitable applied by these
  nations to their own citizens.

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• Before the Second World War, certain injustices
  were tolerated to the point where, for many
  people, they had become an unquestioned fact of
  life. As a result racial and linguistic
  minorities, women, and the economically
  disadvantaged have found themselves second-class
  citizens in their own countries.

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UNIT THREE THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE

• QUESTIONS

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THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE (page 151)

• 1. Explain the purposes of social and legal
  codes of behavior.
• 2. Explain how in the past justice and religion
  have been linked.
• 3. Describe the structure of the first literate
  societies.
• 4. Define the following
• Autocrat
• Common law
• Secular law

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JUSTICE AND RACISM (page 152)

• 1. Define the term racism. What have been the
  results of racist beliefs?
• 2. Describe the history of racism in western
  culture.
• 3. Define Oceania.

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THE STRUGGLE AGAINST RACISM(pages 152-156)

• 1. List five ways in which victims of racism have
  struggled to overthrowtheir oppressors.
• 2. Compare the ideas of W.E. Dubois and Mohandas
  Gandhi to those of Marcus Garvey.
• 3. What was the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?
  What did it accomplish?
• 4. What was the purpose of the Pan- African
  Conferences?
• 5. What was the League Against Imperialism?

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• 6. What were the Nuremberg Trials? What did
  they establish?
• 7. Define genocide. List examples.
• 8. What was the Asian-African Conference of
  1955? What did it establish?
• 9. Define Apartheid.
• 10. Explain how racism and ethnic bigotry have
  continued to cause injustice in every part of
  the world.

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RACISM AND ABORIGINAL PEOPLE (page 156)

• 1. Define aboriginal people.
• 2. Make a time-line showing how the
  international community made a genuine effort in
  the years following World War II to address some
  of the concerns of aboriginal people.
• 3. Who was Elijah Harper? What did he do to
  help promote aboriginal rights in Canada?
• 4. What was the significance of the Oka crisis?
• 5. Regardless of the world recognizing
  aboriginal rights there have been little
  improvements in the socio- economic conditions of
  aboriginal people. Give examples to prove this
  statement.

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The Womens Movement

• Perhaps the greatest revolution in the twentieth
  century has been in the status of women in
  western society. After winning Suffrage (the
  right to vote) in the early decades of the
  century, women began to pursue higher levels of
  education and to enter fields traditionally
  reserved for men.
• This trend continued until the Great Depression,
  when the number of women seeking university
  degrees declined as money became scarce. However
  the number of women who were employed outside the
  home continued to increase, although at a slower
  pace than during the previous decade.

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• During the Second World War, the role of women
  expanded to meet the demands of the war effort.
  Women volunteered to join the army, performing
  such services as nursing, driving ambulances, and
  operating telegraphic systems.
• Their contributions to the military freed men
  for combat. On the home front, women played an
  important part working in the war industries.
  However whatever steps toward equality that were
  obtained during the war lasted only as long as
  the hostilities.

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• The attitudes of the government and in fact of
  the public in general were that women were only
  doing their patriotic duty. Once the men
  returned from overseas, women were expected to
  resume their places in the home. To that end,
  government subsidized daycare facilities were
  closedown and married women were let go from
  their jobs to make room for returning soldiers.
  After six years of war society began to return to
  traditional values. This meant a return to
  traditional family life, with the man as the
  breadwinner and the woman as wife, mother, and
  homemaker.

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• In 1949, French existentialist writer Simone de
  Beauvoir sounded the first rallying cry for the
  modern womens movement. de Beauvoir wanted to
  free women from their dependence on men. She
  rejected traditional roles for women and caused a
  storm of protest for her opinion that motherhood
  had become a trap that prevented many women from
  pursuing significant careers outside the home.

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• Building on the ideas of de Beauvoir, women
  looked to establish greater equality for
  themselves during the post-war era. Low birth
  rates during the Depression and the impact of war
  on the male working population created a labour
  shortage during the 1950s that women workers
  moved to fill. Underpaid and usually
  under-challenged in their jobs, these women and
  their counterparts who continued to work in the
  home began to demand fairer treatment from a male
  dominated society.

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• In the 1960s the introduction of the birth
  control pill also helped to liberate women from
  traditional roles. Women were suddenly able to
  control the timing and the number of their
  pregnancies, which gave them the ability to chart
  their future, a future that increasingly included
  higher education and career goals.

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WOMENS STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY (page 158 )

1. Name and describe two dominant historical
   developments that influenced the evolution of the
   sex roles.
2. What were the aims of the first womens
   movements?
3. Compare the treatment of women in countries such
   as China, Islamic ruled countries, Algeria, and
   India.
4. Describe the role of women in the fight for human
   rights.
5. Explain the difference between First Wave
   Feminism and Second Wave Feminism.

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INDIVIDUAL HUMAN RIGHTS (page 161)

1. What were the goals of the International Bill Of
   Rights?
2. What problems are associated with the
   International Bill OF Rights?
3. Give proof that there is a growing awareness in
   many societies of the greater need for the
   respect of the individual and support for the
   Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
4. How can blatant violations of human rights
   continue when the International Bill of Rights
   has been brought into force?
5. Explain how human rights agreements are a major
   feature of todays international and political
   environment.
6. Who is Nelson Mandela?

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Unit ThreeThe Pursuit of Justice

• Test Review

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Objective (Multiple Choice - 20 points)

1. Human rights
2. Common good
3. Autocrat
4. First Wave Feminism
5. Common Law
6. Second Wave Feminism
7. Crimes Against Humanity
8. Racism
9. Genocide
10. Justice
11. Oceania
12. Asian/African Conference
13. Bantustans

1. Broederbond
2. Mavis Mhlapo
3. Mohandas Gandhi
4. W.E. DuBois
5. Apartheid
6. Secular Law
7. Marcus Garvey
8. Elijah Harper
9. Aboriginal People
10. Nelson Mandela
11. African National Congress
12. Rule of Law
13. Apartheid
14. Fundamentalism

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• Short Answer
• Questions
• (20 points)
• Pages 151-164
• 190-219

• Essay Choices
• (15 points)
• The Pursuit of Justice
• Apartheid and South Africa
• The 20th Century Womens Movement