NITROGEN OXIDES ELICIT ANTIPREDATOR RESPONSES IN JUVENILE CHANNEL CATFISH, BUT NOT IN CONVICT CICHLIDS OR RAINBOW TROUT: CONSERVATION OF THE OSTARIOPHYSAN ALARM PHEROMONE GRANT E. BROWN,1;

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NITROGEN OXIDES ELICIT ANTIPREDATOR RESPONSESIN
JUVENILE CHANNEL CATFISH, BUT NOT IN
CONVICTCICHLIDS OR RAINBOW TROUT CONSERVATION
OFTHE OSTARIOPHYSAN ALARM PHEROMONEGRANT E.
BROWN,1 JAMES C. ADRIAN JR.,2 NABIL T.
NADERI,1MARK C. HARVEY,1 and JOCELYN M.
KELLY11Department of BiologyConcordia
University1455 de Maisonneuve Boul. O.Montreal
Quebec H1G 3M8, Canada2Department of
ChemistryScience and Engineering CenterUnion
CollegeSchenectady New York 12308, USA
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FIG. 1. Hypoxathine-3-N-oxide, with standard
purine numbering system.
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• FIG. 2. General phylogeny of Euteleost fishes,
  showing relationship within the superorder
  Ostariophysi (heavy lines). Asterisks denote
  orders previously tested for responses to
  purine-N-oxides. Names in bold type denote groups
  tested in the current study. Phylogeny based on
  Moyle and Cech (1996).

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TABLE 1. CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF THE SYNTHETIC
STIMULI USED IN EXPERIMENT 1
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FIG. 3. Mean (SE) change in slow movement (A)
and fast movement (B) time (sec) by juvenile
channel catfish. Different letters denote
significant differences based on Fishers
Probability of Least Squared Differences (P lt
005). CSE D conspecific skin extract, H3NO D
hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide, PNO D pyridine-N-oxide,
PNC D pyridine, PYR D 4(3H) pyrimidone, GUAN D
guanine, HXAN D hypoxanthine, XAN D xanthine, SWT
D swordtail skin extract, DW D distilled water.
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FIG. 4. Mean (SE) change in time (sec) spent
motionless (A) and resting (B) by juvenile
channel catfish. Different letters denote
significant differences based on Fishers
Probability of Least-Squared Differences (P lt
005). CSE D conspecific skin extract, H3NO D
hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide, PNO D pyridine-N-oxide,
PNC D pyridine, PYR D 4(3H)- pyrimidone, GUAN D
guanine, HXAN D hypoxanthine, XAN D xanthine, SWT
D swordtail skin extract, DW D distilled water
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FIG. 5. Mean (SE) change in area use (A),
distance to neighbor (cm, B) and number of
aggressive interactions (C) for juvenile convict
cichlids exposed to conspecific skin extract
(CSE), hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide (H3NO) or distilled
water (DW). Different letters denote significant
differences based on Fishers Probability of
Least-Squared Differences (P lt 005).
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FIG. 6. Mean (SE) change in time spent moving
(sec, A), time under shelter (sec, B) and time in
front area (sec, C) for juvenile rainbow trout
exposed to conspecific skin extract (CSE),
hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide (H3NO) or distilled water
(DW). Different letters denote significant
differences based on Fishers Probability of
Least-Squared Differences (P lt 005).
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• Antipredator responses to skin extract of
  redbelly dace, Phoxinus eos, by free-ranging
  populations of redbelly dace and fathead minnows,
  Pimephales promelas
• Brian D. Wisendena Kamil Barbourb
• Department of Biology, Minnesota State
  University Moorhead, Moorhead, MN 56563, U.S.A.
• (e-mail wisenden_at_mnstate.edu)
• College of Biological Science, University of
  Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55113, U.S.A.

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Figure 1. The number of minnows (redbelly dace
fathead minnows) in view of the camera per 10 min
before and after the addition of chemical alarm
cues from the skin of redbelly dace (solid
circles, solid line) or the addition of lake
water (open triangles, dashed line). The faint
dotted line represents the line of equality
(slope ¼ 1).
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Figure 2. The number of fish in view per 10 min
before and after the addition of test stimuli
(alarm cues from redbelly dace, or water) as a
function of the depth at which the cues were
released. Open symbols and dashed lines,
pre-stimulus fish counts solid symbols and solid
lines, post-stimulus fish counts circles and
bold lines, alarm cue trials triangles and light
lines, water trials.
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Figure 3. The number of fish in view per 10 min
before and after the addition of test stimuli
(alarm cues from redbelly dace, or water) as a
function of the distance from shore at which the
cues were released. Open symbols and dashed
lines, pre-stimulus fish counts solid symbols
and solid lines, post-stimulus fish counts
circles and bold lines, alarm cue trials
triangles and light lines, water trials.
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Figure 4. The number of fish in view per 10 min
before and after the addition of test stimuli
(alarm cues from redbelly dace, or water) as a
function of the distance to a depth of 1 m from
the point at which the cues were released. Open
symbols and dashed lines, prestimulus fish
counts solid symbols and solid lines,
post-stimulus fish counts circles and bold
lines, alarm cue trials triangles and light
lines, water trials.