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Chapter 10 Overview

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Chapter 10 Overview Section 1 Bacteria Kingdom reference: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Section 2 Bacteria s role in the world Bacteria and plants – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 10 Overview


1
Chapter 10 Overview
  • Section 1
  • Bacteria
  • Kingdom reference Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
  • Section 2
  • Bacterias role in the world
  • Bacteria and plants
  • Bacteria role in medicine
  • Bacteria as poison producers

2
Chapter 10 Overview
  • Section 3
  • Viruses
  • The discovery of Viruses
  • Vaccines

3
Vocabulary for Section 1
  • Binary Fission
  • Endospore

4
Section 1 Bacteria
  • They are the smallest and simplest organisms on
    earth.
  • They are also the must abundant.
  • A gram of earth, which is about the size of your
    pencil eraser, can contain as many as 2.5 million
    bacteria.
  • All organisms fit into one of the six Kingdoms we
    discussed last chapter.

5
Section 1 continued
  • The two Kingdoms that bacteria fall under are
    Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
  • These two Kingdoms contain the oldest forms of
    life on earth, in fact for 2 billion years they
    were the only life forms on earth.
  • Bacteria are single cell organisms and their
    cells contain no nucleus. They are prokaryotic
    cells which you should already know.
  • Prokaryotes are able to perform cellular
    respiration, move around, and reproduce. Because
    of these abilities they can function as
    independent organisms.

6
Section 1 continued
  • Prokaryotes reproduce by a simple cell division
    called
  • Binary Fission The process is the DNA
    replicates before cell division. The DNA and its
    copy attach to the inside of the cell membrane.
    As the cell grows and the membrane grows longer,
    the loops of DNA become separated. When the cell
    is about double in size, the membrane pinches
    inward. A new cell wall forms, separating the
    two new cells and their DNA.

7
Section 1 continued
  • Endospores
  • Bacteria that grow a thick protective membrane to
    protect them from an unfavorable environment.
    Once they are released from the harsh environment
    the endospores will break open and become active
    once again.

8
Section 1 continued
  • The most common shapes of Bacteria
  • Bacilla
  • Rod shaped bacteria. Have a large surface area,
    which helps them absorb nutrients, but they can
    also dry out easily
  • Cocci
  • Spherical bacteria. They are more resistant to
    drying out than rod shaped bacteria.
  • Spirilla
  • Long spiral shaped bacteria. This is the least
    common shape for bacterium. Spirilla move easily
    in a corkscrew motion, using flagella at both
    ends.

9
This is a picture of the worlds larges bacteria
from the intestines of a surgeonfish. About the
size of a pin head.Its name is Epulopiscium.
10
CocciSpherical bacteria. They are more
resistant to drying out than rod shaped bacteria.
11
SpirillaLong spiral shaped bacteria. This is
the least common shape for bacterium. Spirilla
move easily in a corkscrew motion, using flagella
at both ends.
12
Lactobacillus acidophilus (lack-toe-bah-sill-us
acid-off-ill-us) one of the bacteria gang wanted
for turning milk into yogurt.
13
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sack-arrow-my-seas
sair-uh-vis-ee-ay) a.k.a. baker's yeast. Wanted
for making bread rise.
14
Streptomyces (strep-toe-my-seas) soil bacteria
wanted for making streptomycin, an antibiotic
used to treat infections.
15
Pseudomonas putida (sue-doe-moan-us poo-tea-dah)
one of many microbes wanted for cleaning wastes
from sewage water at water treatment plants.
16
Escherichia coli (Esh-er-ish-e-ah coal-eye) one
of many kinds of microbes that live in your gut.
Wanted for helping you digest your food every day.
17
Section 1 continued
  • Kingdom Eubacteria
  • This Kingdom is the largest and contains more
    different types of organisms than any of the
    other five Kingdoms.
  • Eubacteria are classified by the way they obtain
    food.
  • Consumers obtain nutrients from other organisms
  • Parasites obtain food by invading other organisms
    to obtain food.
  • Producers make their own food and some use the
    process of photosynthesis. They contain
    chlorophyll.

18
Section 1 continued
  • Kingdom Archaebacteria
  • They thrive in places where no other living
    things are found.
  • 3 types of Archaebacteria
  • Methane Makers, excrete methane gas. Found in
    swamps and landfills.
  • Heat lovers live in places like ocean rift vents
    where the temperatures reach 360 degrees Celsius.
  • Salt lovers live in places where the salt
    concentration is very high like the Dead Sea.

19
Section 1 Review
  • Draw and label the three main shapes of bacteria.
  • Describe the four steps of binary fission.
  • How do eubacteria and archaebacteria differ?
  • Many bacteria cannot reproduce in cooler
    temperatures and are destroyed at high
    temperatures. How do humans take advantage of
    this when preparing and storing food?

20
Section 1 Review Answers
  • 1. The drawings should resemble the pictures on
    page 226.
  • 2. The cell grows, the DNA replicates, the DNA
    molecules separate as the cell grows, and the
    cell splits in two.
  • 3. Eubacteria and archaebacteria are genetically
    different. Their cell walls are also chemically
    different.
  • 4. Humans store food in refrigerators and
    freezers to slow bacterial growth. Humans also
    cook food at high temperatures, which helps kill
    many bacteria.

21
Section 2Bacterias Role In the World
  • Vocabulary for Section 2
  • Bioremediation
  • Antibiotic
  • Pathogenic Bacteria

22
Section 2 Continued
  • Some bacteria cause disease and because of this
    they got a bad reputation.
  • Bacteria do many things that are important to us
    humans.
  • Life as we know it could not exist without
    bacteria. They are vital to our environment and
    we benefit from them in several ways.

23
Section 2 Continued
  • Nitrogen-fixing(1st helpful use)
  • Nitrogen is an essential element for all
    organisms because it is a component of proteins
    and DNA.
  • Plants must have nitrogen in order to grow
    properly.
  • You would think this to be easy as 75 of our air
    is made of nitrogen.
  • Plants, however, cannot take in nitrogen from the
    air and must get it in a different form.

24
Section 2 Continued
  • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria consume nitrogen in the
    air and change it into a form that plants can
    use.
  • Recycling(2nd helpful use)
  • Breaking down dead organic matter, decomposing
    bacteria make nutrients available again to living
    things.
  • Cleaning up(3rd helpful use)
  • Bacteria are being used to combat pollution.
  • Bioremediation is the use of bacteria and other
    microorganisms to change pollution into harmless
    chemicals.
  • It is used to clean industrial wastes, as well as
    spills.

25
Section 2 Continued
  • Bacteria is good for people
  • Genetically engineered bacteria is used for many
    things such as medicines, insecticides,
    cleansers, adhesives, foods.
  • Fighting bacteria with bacteria
  • Although some bacteria cause disease, other
    bacteria make chemicals that treat diseases.
  • Antibiotics are medicines used to kill bacteria
    and other microoganisms. Many bacteria have been
    genetically engineered to make antibiotics in
    large quantities.

26
Section 2 Continued
  • Insulin
  • Again, genetic engineering to the rescue in
    making human insulin. Scientist put genes
    carrying the genetic code for human insulin into
    E. coli bacteria. The bacteria produce human
    insulin, which can be separated from the bacteria
    and given to diabetics.

27
Section 2 Continued
  • Feeding Time
  • People breed bacteria for food!
  • Every time you eat cheese, yogurt, buttermilk or
    sour cream, you also eat a lot of lactic acid
    bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria digest the milk
    sugar lactose and convert it into lactic acid.
    The lactic acid acts as a preservative and adds
    flavor to the food.

28
Section 2 Continued
  • Harmful Bacteria
  • Pathogenic Bacteria
  • These bacteria invade the host and obtain
    nutrients from the hosts cells.
  • Some diseases caused by bacteria are
  • Dental cavities, ulcers, strep throat, food
    poisoning, TB, etc.
  • Pathogenic Bacteria also attack plants, protists,
    fungi, and even other bacteria.

29
Section 3 Viruses
  • Vocabulary for Section 3
  • Virus
  • Host

30
Section 3
  • Its a small world
  • About 5 billion of them could fit into a drop of
    blood
  • Because of size and ever changing nature,
    scientist dont know how many types of viruses
    exist.
  • There could be billions

31
Section 3, Continued
  • Alive or Not ?
  • They dont eat, breath, grow, move, or perform
    any biologic functions.
  • A virus cannot live on its own.
  • It can however reproduce (in the host) and
    control its host.
  • A host is an organism that supports a parasite.
  • Using the hosts cell as a miniature factory,
    viruses instruct the cell to produce viruses
    rather than healthy new cells.

32
Some of the more common Viruses-The flu virus
33
Some of the more common Viruses-Ebola
34
Some of the more common Viruses-Rota virus
35
So Exactly what is a Virus
  • Plain and simple
  • It is some form of genetic material enclosed in a
    protein coat.

36
How Destructive
  • HIV is a virus that causes AIDS.
  • The one thing they share with living things is
    that they reproduce.
  • Their reproductive cycle is called the lytic
    cycle.
  • In this cycle stage 1 is to find a host cell.
  • Stage 2, the virus enters the cell or injects
    genes into the cell.
  • Stage 3, once the genes are injected into the
    cell, the cell becomes a virus factory.
  • Stage 4, The new viruses break out of the host
    cell ready to find a new host and repeat the
    cycle.

37
Is that all there is?
  • No
  • Some viruses dont go straight into the lytic
    cycle. These viruses inject their genes into the
    host cell, but no new viruses are made right
    away.
  • So What?
  • When the host cell divides, each new cell has a
    copy of the viruss genes.
  • This is called the lysogenic cycle.
  • The viral genes can remain inactive for a long
    time until a change in the environment, or stress
    to the organism causes the genes to launch into
    the lytic cycle.
  • Just when you thought you were safe!!

38
Section 3 Review
  • What would happen if one generation of measles
    viruses never found a host?
  • Describe the four stages of the lytic cycle.
  • Do you think modern transportation has had an
    effect on the way viruses are spread? Explain.

39
Review Answers
  • Measles would die out. Viruses cannot reproduce
    themselves without a host.
  • See page 235 for 2
  • People and livestock are much more mobile now,
    and thus, able to bring viruses to new places.
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