Post-World War II

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Post-World War II

• McFarland

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• Yalta Conference Feb. 1945 attended by the
  Big 3
• 1) Franklin Roosevelt U.S.
• 2) Winston Churchill G.B.
• 3) Joseph Stalin U.S.S.R.

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -meeting of the 3 major Allied countries
• -met to plan for the peace that would follow the
  war
• -decided to establish the United Nations (U.N.)
  purpose was to keep peace and prevent future wars
  throughout the world

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -also decided to divide Germany into 4
  occupational zones controlled by the Allies (West
  Germany would be controlled by the U.S., Great
  Britain, and France and East Germany would be
  controlled by the U.S.S.R.)

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• Cold War U.S. vs. U.S.S.R (1945-1989)
• -cold war conflict between countries without
  actual warfare
• -Allies agreed to allow democratic elections in
  every country freed from German control
  U.S.S.R. didnt keep this agreement and by 1948
  the govt of every eastern European country was
  under communist rule

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -7 Eastern European countries became Soviet
  satellites (satellite nation officially
  independent but controlled by a foreign power)

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Soviet satellite nations included
• Poland 5) Hungary
• Romania 6) Albania
• Bulgaria 7) East Germany
• Czechoslovakia
• -Yugoslavia also became a communist country but
  was not controlled by the U.S.S.R

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia were also annexed
  by the Soviet Union
• -British Prime Minister Winston Churchill said in
  a speech in March 1946 that an iron curtain has
  descended across the continent (Europe)

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Truman Doctrine issued because communist were
  trying to take over the govt in Greece and
  Turkey the doctrine said the U.S. would help
  any country resist communist aggression led to
  the containment policy (policy of stopping
  communist expansion by diplomatic or military
  means)

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Marshall Plan presented by Sec. of State
  George Marshall in 1948 the U.S. sent 13
  billion in aid to western European countries
  wanted to protect those countries from communism
  (governments are usually overthrown when the
  economy is weak) lasted 5 years

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Berlin Airlift June 1948-May 1949 Berlin, a
  city in East Germany was divided into 4
  occupation zones at the end of the war the
  U.S.S.R. controlled East Berlin but Stalin wanted
  all of the city he began a blockade of West
  Berlin by blocking all roads, railroads, and
  rivers into the city the U.S. and G.B. used
  cargo planes to fly in supplies to West Berlin
  Stalin couldnt stop them without starting a war
  the blockade was lifted

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) a
  military alliance formed in 1949 promised to
  defend each other during an attack original
  members included
• Belgium 7) Luxembourg
• G.B. 8) Netherlands
• Denmark 9) Norway
• France 10) U.S.
• Portugal 11) Canada
• 6) Italy

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -3 more countries joined in the early 1950s
• Greece
• Turkey
• West Germany

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Warsaw Pact a military alliance formed in 1955
  between the communist countries of Eastern Europe
  members included
• U.S.S.R 5) Hungary
• Poland 6) Romania
• East Germany 7) Bulgaria
• 4) Czechoslovakia 8) Albania

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -communists also took control of China in 1949
  this meant the worlds largest country in land
  area (USSR) and the worlds most populated
  country (China) were both communist nations

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Second Red Scare (1st was after WWI) caused by
  Sen. Joe McCarthys comments on how there were
  communists within the federal govt 3 million
  federal employees were investigated many were
  convicted and fired despite proof he also
  accused the U.S. Army of being controlled by
  communists (led to his downfall)

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• The Korean War (1950-1953)
• -Japan ruled Korea from 1910 to 1945
• -U.S. and U.S.S.R. troops moved in during WWII
  and neither wanted to remove their troops when
  the war ended (U.S. wanted it to be a democratic
  nation and the U.S.S.R. wanted it to be a
  communist nation)

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -the Allies agreed to divide Korea into 2 zones
  at the 38th parallel North Korea controlled by
  U.S.S.R. and South Korea controlled by U.S.
• -North Korea, led by Kim Il-Sung, became a
  communist nation and a Soviet satellite
• -South Korea, led by Syngman Rhee, was ruled by a
  dictator appointed by the U.S.

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -June 20, 1950 - North Korea attacked South Korea
• -June 27, 1950 - Pres. Truman ordered air strikes
  against North Korea and sent arms to South Korea
• -June 30, 1950 - Pres. Truman ordered UN troops
  (including U.S. troops) to South Korea Gen.
  Douglas MacArthur was appointed the commander of
  the UN forces

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -North Korean troops pushed the UN troops all the
  way back to Pusan (southern tip of South Korea)
• -MacArthur gambled by attacking the North Korean
  troops from behind at Inchon - the North Korean
  troops were trapped - U.N. troops then marched
  to Seoul (capital of South Korea) and retook the
  city

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Truman gave MacArthur the green light to invade
  North Korea
• -Nov. 1950 U.N. planes bombed bridges on the
  Yalu River (border between North Korea and China)
  the Chinese threatened to enter the war if the
  bombing continued - MacArthur ignored them

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Thanksgiving Day 1950 300,000 Chinese troops
  hit the U.N. lines and pushed them all the way
  back to South Korea MacArthur wanted to bomb
  China but Truman refused MacArthur then
  criticized the President publicly
• -April 11, 1951 Truman fired MacArthur he
  returned home a hero

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -Dwight D. Eisenhower (Rep.) defeated Adlai
  Stevenson (Dem.) in the 1952 election (Truman had
  chosen not to run for re-election) - Eisenhower
  threatened to use nuclear weapons on North Korea
  and China and a cease-fire was signed

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -the 38th parallel was established as the border
  between North and South Korea North Korea
  remains communist even to this day
• -the U.S. lost 58,000 soldiers in the war

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• The Nuclear Age
• -the USSR developed an atomic bomb in 1949 - they
  had spies (though not really) working on the
  Manhattan Project (remember they were our ally)
• -an arms race began in the early 1950s between
  the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. they were competing
  to see who could accumulate the most nuclear
  weapons and the most powerful nuclear weapons

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -the U.S. tested the first H-bomb (hydrogen bomb)
  in 1952 - up to 700 times more destructive than
  the atomic bombs dropped on Japan the island
  where the H-bomb was tested totally disappeared
• -the USSR developed the H-bomb less than a year
  later

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• -How did the U.S. prepare for a nuclear
  holocaust?
• air raid drills schools practiced duck and
  cover drills
• emergency bomb shelters filled with supplies
• 3) metal name tags to identify bodies
• hundreds of books were written about how to
  survive a nuclear attack

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• - Massive Retaliation the U.S. would punish the
  Soviets with an all out nuclear attack if they
  threatened the U.S. or any other nation

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I. Postwar America / Europe

• Stalin died in 1953 and was replaced by Nikita
  Khrushchev (didnt like Stalin too mean!) a
  summit (conference) was set up between Eisenhower
  and Khrushchev- however, it was canceled after
  an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the
  USSR (1960) the cold war would last 29 more
  years

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II. Life in the 1950s

• Suburban growth almost all new houses built
  from 1945 to 1960 were built outside the cities
  Why?
• 1) Demand for housing very few houses built
  during the Great Depression years and WWII
• Growth of population during the baby boom
  families with 3 or 4 children became the norm
  pop. increased from 140 million in 1945 to 180
  million in 1960

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II. Life in the 1950s

• Highway Act of 1956 govt constructed 41,000
  miles of new highways allowed people to commute
  longer distances to their jobs also established
  the interstate highway system (for military and
  evacuation purposes)
• 4) Cleaner, quieter neighborhoods

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II. Life in the 1950s

• Age of Television - the 1st TV sets made in the
  late 1940s - very expensive 500-600 (equals
  around 2500 today as technology improved the
  number of sets increased from 1 million in 1949
  to 44 million in 1959 popular TV shows in the
  50s included
• -I Love Lucy -Father Knows Best
• -Leave it to Beaver -The Honeymooners

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II. Life in the 1950s

• Revival of Religion aided by TV - Why was there
  a national revival?
• 1) fear of the cold war and the nuclear age
• charismatic (dynamic) preachers - used
• the radio and TV ex Billy Graham and Oral
  Roberts
• -in 1954, Under God was added to the Pledge of
  Alliance

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II. Life in the 1950s

• Rock n Roll evolved out of African-American
  blues and gospel, and white country music music
  was rhythmic and loud - the new dances were
  offensive to some adults (remember the 20s?)
  the most famous rock n roll star of the 50s was
  Elvis - other famous rock n roll stars of the
  50s included
• -Chuck Berry -Little Richard
• -Buddy Holly -Jerry Lee Lewis

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II. Life in the 1950s

• Early Civil Rights Movement
• 1) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KA
  (1954) ended segregation (the separation of
  whites and African-Americans in society) in
  public schools

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II. Life in the 1950s

• -many school systems refused to integrate
  (bringing together of the races) ex Gov.
  Faubus of Arkansas called in the National Guard
  to prevent African-American students (they were
  called the Little Rock Nine) from attending a
  white high school in Little Rock - Pres.
  Eisenhower eventually sent in federal marshals
  and the 101st Airborne Division to help and
  protect those students

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II. Life in the 1950s

• 2) Emmett Till Case (1955) a 14 year old
  African-American boy who was beaten to death in
  Money, Mississippi for saying Bye Baby to a
  white woman he was from Chicago and was
  visiting his uncle gained national attention
  when his mother had an open casket during the
  funeral

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II. Life in the 1950s

• 3) Montgomery Buss Boycott (1955-1956) in
  Alabama Rosa Parks (a well-respected
  African-American lady) broke a city law by
  refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white
  man she was arrested - about 75 of the bus
  companys customers in Montgomery were
  African-American a boycott was organized and a
  young preacher named Martin Luther King, Jr. was
  chosen to lead it eventually the U.S. Supreme
  Court ruled that segregation in public
  transportation was unconstitutional

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II. Life in the 1950s

• Other Events of the 50s
• -Polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk in 1953
• -Sputnik - the first space satellite launched
  by the Soviets (1957)
• -Explorer I - the first U.S. satellite launched
  in 1958
• -NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Adm.)
  organized in 1958

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III. Life in the 1960s

• Election of 1960
• -the candidates were John F. Kennedy (Dem.) and
  Richard Nixon (Rep.)
• -both were WWII veterans
• -both entered Congress in 1946
• -Nixon was Eisenhowers Vice President
• -Kennedy was the son of a wealthy family from
  Massachusetts

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -Nixon was not from a wealthy family in fact he
  was poor while growing up
• -the campaign included the first televised
  debates Nixons physical appearance on the
  camera may have cost him the election (looked
  old, wore no makeup, etc.)

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -JFK won the election by only 120,000 votes and
  became the youngest President ever elected at the
  age of 43 (Teddy Roosevelt was 42 when he
  replaced McKinley but McKinley was assassinated)
• -JFKs famous quote from his 1961 Inaugural
  Address
• Ask not what your country can do for you, ask
  what you can do for your country.

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III. Life in the 1960s

• The Legacy of JFK
• -established the Peace Corps (1961) sent young
  Americans to do volunteer work in developing
  (poor) countries

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Fidel Castro
  became the dictator of Cuba in 1959 Americans
  supported him at first Eisenhower put the CIA
  to work on a secret plan to overthrow Castro
  the plan was to train and equip a group of
  Anti-Castro Cuban exiles living in the U.S.
  they would land in Cuba and inspire the Cuban
  people to rise up against Castro -

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III. Life in the 1960s

• when JFK took office he continued to support
  this plan on April 17, 1961 Cuban exiles landed
  at the Bay of Pigs the invasion was a complete
  disaster JFK considered an air strike to help
  the rebels, but decided against it within 2
  days most of the 1,400 invaders were killed or
  captured made JFK look weak and foolish

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -Berlin Wall built during JFK administration by
  the communists of East Germany in Aug. 1961
  became a symbol of the cold wars division of
  Europe

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962) photos taken
  by a U-2 plane showed 65 sites in Cuba containing
  ballistic missiles Cuba is only 90 miles from
  Florida missiles were supplied by the USSR
  JFKs advisors favored an air strike on the
  missile sites he refused and instead went on
  national TV to tell the public about the Soviet
  missiles in Cuba

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -he also announced the U.S. was blockading Cuba
  he told the Soviets to dismantle the missile
  sites and turn back their incoming ships or face
  U.S. retaliation on Oct. 24, 1962, as the world
  held its breath, the Soviet ships turned back
  a deal was made

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III. Life in the 1960s

• Soviets would withdraw its missiles from Cuba
• U.S. would withdraw its missiles from Turkey
• -this was the closest the U.S. and the Soviets
  ever got to nuclear war

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III. Life in the 1960s

• Space Race
• -the USSR were the first to put a man in space
  (April 1961) his name was Yuri Gagarin in May
  1961, JFK asked for 9 billion for the space
  program his goal was to put a man on the moon
  by the end of the decade (1960s) the first
  American in space was Alan Sheppard (May 1961) -

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -the first American to orbit the earth was John
  Glenn (Feb. 1962) on July 20, 1969 Apollo 11
  landed on the surface of the moon and Neil
  Armstrong became the first to walk on the moon
  saying, Thats one small step for man, one giant
  leap for mankind more than 500 million people
  around the world watched the landing on the moon
  on TV

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III. Life in the 1960s

• Early Involvement in Vietnam
• -JFK did not want to get involved in a major war
  in Asia he also didnt want to be blamed for
  losing South Vietnam to the communists (being
  soft on communism was a bad thing during the
  50s and 60s) under JFK, American military
  personnel in South Vietnam rose from 1,500 to
  16,000 the Am. people were told these were
  only advisors and not involved in combat

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III. Life in the 1960s

• The Assassination of JFK (Nov. 22, 1963)
• -he was campaigning in Texas for the 1964
  election
• -he rode through the streets of Dallas in the
  back of an open limousine
• -the suspected assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald
  Oswald was murdered 2 days after Kennedys death,
  while being transferred to another jail, by a
  Dallas nightclub owner named Jack Ruby (a known
  member of the mafia)

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -With Oswald dead, many questioned were left
  unanswered
• Was Oswald the assassin?
• Had he acted alone?
• 3) Had there been a conspiracy to kill the
  President?

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -on the plane carrying JFKs body back to
  Washington DC, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson
  was sworn in as President
• -one of Johnsons first acts as President was to
  appoint a commission, led by Chief Justice Earl
  Warren, to investigate JFKs death

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had
  been the assassin and that he acted on his own
  (although, not everyone believed it)
• -Jim Garrison, the New Orleans District Attorney,
  was the only person to bring to trial a possible
  conspiracy in the assassination of JFK he
  blamed the CIA, the mafia, Anti-Castro Cubans,
  and even President Johnson

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III. Life in the 1960s

• -In 1978, a Congressional Committee said, It was
  possible that two people killed John F. Kennedy,
  but there was no proof they also said that the
  Justice Dept. should investigate the possibility
  of a conspiracy they have not even to this day

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