The%20Ferment%20of%20Reform%20and%20Culture

1
The Ferment of Reform and Culture

• 1790 to 1860

2
Religious liberalism

• Secular rationalism
• Deism (Jefferson, Franklin, Paine) relied on
  reason rather than revelation scientific
  believes in the existence of a God or supreme
  being but denies revealed religion.
• Unitarian faith stressed the essential goodness
  of human nature - free will and salvation
  through good works- appealed to intellectuals

3
Second Great Awakening

• Spectacular religious revivals reversed the
  trend towards secular rationalism fueled a
  spirit of social reform
• Attempt to improve Americans faith, morals, and
  character affected education, family,
  literature, and the arts culminating in the
  abolitionist movement to end slavery

4
Peter Cartwright Born Sept. 1,1785
Died Sept. 25,1872

• Early American "hellfire and brimstone" preacher.
  
• Helped start the Second Great Awakening

5
Charles Grandison Finney 1792 1875

• Evangelist spellbinding oratory style
• Often called one of "America's foremost
  revivalist
• Encouraged women to pray
• Opposed liquor and slavery

6
William Miller Born February 15, 1782
Died December 20, 1849

• American Baptist preacher, whose followers were
  called Millerites - Adventists
• Millerites rose from the Burned Over District
  in the 1830s.
• They expected Christ to return to earth on
  October 22, 1844.

7
Effect of Religious Diversity

• Second Great Awakening widened lines between
  classes and regions
• Prosperous regions in East little effect
• Methodists and Baptists and new sects swelled
  by fervor
• Baptist and Methodist churches split over slavery
  issue

8
Joseph Smith Born 23-Dec-1805
Died 27-Jun-1844

• Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of
  Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)
• Cooperative sect
• Voted as a unit
• Polygamy
• Murdered

9
Brigham Young Born 1-Jun-1801
Died 29-Aug-1877

• Second prophet of the Latter Day Saints.
• Led followers to Utah
• Utah grew and became prosperous
• Theocracy cooperative commonwealth

10
Free Schools for a Free People

• Whenever the people are well-informed, they
  can be trusted with their own government.
  Thomas Jefferson
• Early republic tax supported schools rare
  opposition to free public education
• Manhood suffrage ? triumph of tax-supported
  school 1825-1850

11
Horace Mann Born 4-May-1796
Died 2-Aug-1859

• Humanitarian
• Advocated for public education
• basis of quality education is good teachers
• Wanted longer school terms, higher pay for
  teachers, expanded curriculum
• Pushed for reform in mental institutions and
  called for the end of slavery.
• Known as "the father of the American common
  school - to serve individuals of all social
  classes and religions.

12
Noah Webster Born 16-Oct-1758
Died 28-May-1843

• Schoolmaster of the Republic
• Lexicographer
• Standardized the American language

13
William H. McGuffey Born Sept. 23,1800(in PA.)
Died 1873

• McGuffeys Reader
• Text for most schools from 1836-1900
• Contained religious messages
• Sought to instill morality, patriotism, and
  idealism
• 122,000,000 copies sold

14
Emma Willard Born Feb. 23, 1787
Died April 15, 1870

• Women's rights advocate
• 1821 founded the first women's school of higher
  education, the Troy Female Seminary.
• Troy became famous, offering collegiate education
  to women and new opportunity to women teachers.

15
An Age of Reform

• Promises of the Second Great Awakening led to a
  wave of reform
• Women were prominent in the reform movements
• Targets/goals?
• Suffrage
• Prison reform and criminal codes
• Alcohol
• Slavery

16
Dorothea Dix Born 4-Apr-1802
Died 17-Jul-1887

• Activist for the insane
• Through a vigorous program of lobbying state
  legislatures and the United States Congress,
  created the first generation of American mental
  asylums.

17
Neal S. Dow

• Father of Prohibition
• Employer of labor witnessed debauching effect
  of drink
• Sponsored 1st prohibition law in Maine in 1851

18
Lucretia Mott Born 3-Jan-1793
Died 11-Nov-1880

• Quaker, abolitionist, social reformer and
  proponent of women's rights.
• Co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention
• Signatory of the Declaration of Sentiments.

19
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Born 12-Nov-1815
Died 26-Oct-1902

• President of the National Woman Suffrage
  Association from 1865-90
• Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments (Demanded
  the vote at Seneca Falls)
• Coorganized Seneca Falls

Stanton (seated) with Susan B. Anthony
20
Susan B. Anthony Born 15-Feb-1820
Died 13-Mar-1906

• Prominent women's rights advocate
• In 1869, she and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded
  the National Woman's Suffrage Association (NWSA)
  
• Arrested and fined for trying to vote in the 1872
  Presidential election

• Age 26

21
Elizabeth Blackwell Born February 3, 1821
Died May 31, 1910

• Abolitionist and women's rights activist
• 1849 - she became the first woman to earn a
  medical degree in the United States.Barred from
  practice in most hospitals, she founded her own
  infirmary, the New York Infirmary for Indigent
  Women and Children, in 1857.

22
Margaret Fuller Born 23-May-1810
Died 19-Jul-1850

• Friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson and associated
  with transcendentalism
• Edited the transcendentalist journal, The Dial
  from 1840 to 1842
• Joined Horace Greeley's New York Tribune as
  literary critic
• First female journalist to work on the staff of a
  major newspaper.
• Fuller's major work, Woman in the Nineteenth
  Century (1845), argued for the independence of
  women.

23
Utopian Societies

• Reformers set up over 40 communities
• New Harmony, Indiana
• Brook Farm in Massachusetts transcendentalist
• Oneida Community
• Shakers

24
Robert Owen Born 14-May-1771
Died 17-Nov-1858

• Idealistic Scottish manufacturer
• Founder of the Cooperative Movement
• Began a communal society in 1825 in New Harmony,
  Indiana.
• It failed.

• New Moral World
• Owen's envisioned successor of New Harmony.
  Owenites
• fired bricks to build it, but construction never
  took place.

25
John Humphrey Noyes Born Sept. 3, 1811
  Died April 13, 1886

• American utopian socialist. He founded the Oneida
  Community in 1848.
• There were smaller communities in Wallingford,
  Conn. Newark, NJ Putney,Vt and Cambridge, Vt.
• The Oneida Community dissolved in 1880,

26
Scientific Achievement

• Early Americans interested in practical science
• Louis Agassiz biologist insisted on original
  research
• Audubon naturalist
• Sylvester Graham

27
Louis Agassiz Born 28-May-1807
Died 14-Dec-1873

• Swiss-born American biologist, and geologist, the
  husband of educator Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz,
  and one of the first world-class American
  scientists
• insisted on original research

28
John James Audubon Born 26-Apr-1785 (in Haiti)
Died 27-Jan-1851

• American naturalist
• He painted, catalogued, and described the birds
  of North America.
• Published Birds of America,
  in 1838.

29
Sylvester Graham Born
July 5, 1794 Died September 11, 1851

• American Presbyterian minister
• Early advocate of dietary reform
• Vegetarianism and temperance movement
• 1829 - invented Graham flour and Graham bread,
  made from unsifted and unbolted flour and free
  from chemical additives
• Used to make graham crackers and other products.

30
Artistic Achievement

• The Hudson River School of Art

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The Hudson River School of Art

• The Hudson River School used a Romantic approach
  to depict scenes of America's wilderness, drawing
  inspiration from the Hudson River Valley, the
  Catskills, the Berkshires and the newly opened
  West.

32
The Hudson River School of Art

• Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty and Asher B. Durand
  were among the early practitioners of this style
  and they had a significant influence on the
  artists that followed them.

33
The Hudson River School of Art

• Thomas Cole was a teenager when his family
  emigrated from England. He was a passionate
  devotee of the scenery of his adopted country.
  Cole is considered to be the finest American
  landscape artist of the 19th Century.

34
The Hudson River School of Art

• 1825 to 1875 was a time of powerful national
  pride in the United States. The dramatic and
  uniquely American landscapes by Thomas Cole
  prompted a positive response from the American
  public. Inspiration and spectacular natural
  beauty are reflected in the famous paintings,
  Niagara by Frederic Edwin Church, and Yellowstone
  Falls by Albert Bierstadt.

35
NIAGARA FALLS by Frederic Edwin Church (American
1826-1900)
36
Albert Bierstadt, Yellowstone Falls, ca. 1881,
37
The Hudson River School of Art

• Thomas Doughty was one of the first American
  painters to restrict himself to landscape
  painting as his genre. Some consider him the
  catalyst for the Hudson River School given he was
  the one who recognized early on the magnificent
  subject matter offered within the American
  countryside.

38
The Hudson River School of Art

• Asher B. Durand's early career was as an
  engraver. When he began to paint it was as first
  a portraitist before turning his attention to
  nature. Cole was a major inspiration upon him.

39
The Hudson River School of Art

• The Hudson River School looked into the
  conflict between modernity and nature as well as
  the effects of increasing industrialization and
  westward expansion.

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Title View on the Schoharie, 1826 Artist
Thomas Cole (American 1801-1848)
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                         
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Title Otsego Lake Looking North from Two Mile
Point, ca. 1883 Artist Edward B. Gay
(1837-1928)
42
Title Cooperstown from Three Mile Point, ca.
1850 Artists Louis Remy Mignot (1831-1870)
Julius Gollmann (-1898)
43
Title Emporium of Indian Curiosities, 1856
Artist Joachim Ferdinand Richardt (American
1819-1895)
44
Title Cider Making in the Country, 1863
Artist George Henry Durrie (American
1820-1863)
45
Gilbert Stuart

• One of the greatest portrait painters of his time
• Best known for his portraits of Washington

46
Gilbert Stuart

• George Washington (a.k.a. the "Athenaeum Head"
  ca. 1798 Stuart copy of unfinished 1796
  original),

• Portrait of George Washington for the White
  House, 1797. This is the painting that Dolley
  Madison rescued when the White House was burned
  during the War of 1812

47
John Singleton Copley Born July 3, 1738
Died September 9, 1815

• American artist of the colonial period, famous
  for his portraits of important figures in
  colonial New England, particularly men and women
  of the middle class.
• His portraits were innovative in that they tended
  to portray their subjects with artifacts that
  were indicative of their lives.

• Portrait of Copley by
  Gilbert Stuart.

48
John Singleton Copley

• Portrait of Samuel Adams
• Portrait of Paul Revere

• Portrait of the Copley family, 1776

49
National Literature

• After War of Independence and War of 1812 new
  wave of nationalism
• Knickerbocker Group New York a
  group of writers who were intent on distancing
  themselves from European traditions.

50
Washington Irving Born 3-Apr-1783
Died 28-Nov-1859

• "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
• "Rip van Winkle"
• He and James Fenimore Cooper were the first
  American writers to earn acclaim in Europe.
• Noted for speaking against the mistreatment of
  Native American tribes by Europeans and
  Americans.

51
James Fenimore Cooper Born 15-Sep-1789
Died 14-Sep-1851

• Leatherstocking Tales, a series of novels
  featuring the hero Natty Bumppo, known by
  European settlers as "Leatherstocking," and by
  the Native Americans as "Pathfinder,"
  "Deerslayer," or "Hawkeye".
• Best known of the series is The Last of the
  Mohicans

52
Transcendentalism

• New ideas in literature, religion, culture, and
  philosophy
• Emerged in New England
• Began as a protest against the general state of
  culture and society at the time
• Ideal spiritual state that transcends the
  physical and empirical and is only realized
  through the individuals intuition, rather than
  the senses
• Look within yourself, rather than outward with
  your senses, for meaning

53
Ralph Waldo Emerson Born 25-May-1803
Died 27-Apr-1882

• Author, poet, philosopher
• 1836. Nature.
• 1837. "The American Scholar".
• 1841 The Transcendentalist
• 1844. Essays Second Series.
• 1856. Representative Men on Plato, Swedenborg,
  Montaigne, Shakespeare, Napoleon, and Goethe.
• '1856. English Traits.
• 1860. The Conduct of Life
• 1862. "Thoreau" a eulogy for Henry David
  Thoreau.

54
Henry David Thoreau Born 12-Jul-1817
Died 6-May-1862

• Author, critic, naturalist, transcendentalist,
  pacifist, abolitionist, tax resister and
  philosopher.
• Walden, a reflection upon simple living amongst
  nature
• Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual
  resistance to civic government as moral
  opposition to an unjust law.
• Philosophy had tremendous influence on leaders
  like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

55
Nathaniel Hawthorne Born 4-Jul-1804
Died 19-May-1864

• 19th century American novelist and short story
  writer.
• Key figure in the development of American
  literature.
• The Scarlet Letter and House of the Seven Gables
• Neighbors included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry
  David Thoreau.

56
Herman Melville Born 1-Aug-1819
Died 28-Sep-1891

• American novelist, essayist and poet.
• Moby-Dick is Melville's most famous work and is
  often considered one of the greatest American
  novels. It was dedicated to his friend Nathaniel
  Hawthorne.

57
Henry Wadsworth LongfellowBorn 27-Feb-1807
Died 24-Mar-1882

• American poet
• The Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere's Ride, A Psalm
  of Life and Evangeline.
• Member of a group of poets known as the Fireside
  Poets Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John
  Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and
  Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., who were the first
  American poets whose popularity rivaled that of
  British poets

58
James Russell Lowell Born 22-Feb-1819
Died 12-Aug-1891

• Romantic poet, critic, satirist, writer,
  diplomat, and abolitionist.
• Helped found a literary journal, The Pioneer. It
  opened the way to new ideals in literature and
  art, and to as yet unknown writers such as
  Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson,
  Whittier, Edgar Allan Poe.

59
Walt Whitman Born 31-May-1819
Died 26-Mar-1892

• Poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist, and
  considered one of America's best and most
  influential poets.
• Leaves of Grass
• The book did not attract the attention of the
  reading public until a letter from Ralph Waldo
  Emerson to the poet, in which the volume was
  characterized as the "most extraordinary piece of
  wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed",
  was published in the New York Tribune.

60
Louisa May Alcott Born 29-Nov-1832(in
Germantown, PA) Died 6-Mar-1888

• American novelist.
• Best known for the novel Little Women, which she
  wrote in 1868.
• Moved to Boston with her family in 1844, where
  her father established an experimental school and
  joined the Transcendentalist Club with Emerson
  and Thoreau

61
Edgar Allan Poe Born 19-Jan-1809
Died 7-Oct-1849

• Poet, short story writer, editor, and one of the
  leaders of the American Romantic Movement. Best
  known for his tales of the macabre.
• Though born in Mass., was raised in Va. and is
  considered a southern writer.
• An early American practitioner of the short story
  and a progenitor of detective fiction and crime
  fiction.
• His poem "The Raven" became a popular sensation.

62
Stephen Foster Born 4-Jul-1826
Died 13-Jan-1864

• Birthplace Lawrenceville, PA
• Pre-eminent songwriter in the United States of
  the 19th century
• Sometimes known as the "father of American
  music.
• "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races", "My Old Kentucky
  Home", "Old Black Joe", "Beautiful Dreamer" and
  "Old Folks at Home" ("Swanee River")

63
P. T. Barnum (Phineas T. Barnum) Born
5-Jul-1810 Died 7-Apr-1891

• American showman
• Best remembered for founding the circus that
  eventually became Ringling Brothers and Barnum
  and Bailey Circus.