Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) and flavin nucleotide

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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) and flavin nucleotide
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• 1??Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)????????????
• 2??Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)???????????
• 3??????(flavin nucleotide)

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Vitamin B2 ( Riboflavin)

• Overview
• Structure and chemistry character
• Dietary Sources
• Uses(Possible Interactions)
• Supporting Research

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Overview

• Vitamin B2, commonly called riboflavin, is one of
  eight water-soluble B vitamins. Like its close
  relative vitamin B1 (thiamine), riboflavin plays
  a crucial role in certain metabolic reactions,
  particularly the conversion of carbohydrates
  (?????)into sugar, which is "burned" to produce
  energy. Together, the eight B vitamins, often
  referred to as B complex vitamins, are also
  essential in the breakdown of fats and protein.
  In addition, B complex vitamins play an important
  role in maintaining muscle tone along the lining
  of the digestive tract and promoting the health
  of the nervous system, skin, hair, eyes, mouth,
  and liver.

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Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency

• fatigue(??) slowed growth(????) digestive
  problems(????) cracks and sores around the
  corners of the mouth swollen magenta tongue eye
  fatigue soreness of the lips, mouth and
  tongue(??) and sensitivity to light(????).
  Riboflavin is an important nutrient in the
  prevention of headache and some visual
  disturbances, particularly cataracts(???).

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• FMN,FAD????????????????,?????B2??????????????,????
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• ??????????B2,??????????,???????????????????

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The best sources of riboflavin include brewers
yeast(?????), almonds(??), organ meats(????),
whole grains(??), wheat germ(??), wild
rice(????), mushrooms(??), soybeans(??),
milk(??), yogurt(???), eggs(?), broccoli(??),
brussel sprouts, and spinach(??). Flours and
cereals(??) are often fortified with riboflavin.
Absorption of Vitamin B2 is best when it is
taken with meals.

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Children and adult daily standard Vitamin B2
recommended dietary allowance (????????Vitamin
B2???)

• Children
• Infants birth to 6 months 0.3 mg (adequate
  intake)
• Infants 7 to 12 months 0.4 mg (adequate intake)
• Children 1 to 3 years 0.5 mg (RDA)
• Children 4 to 8 years 0.6 mg (RDA)
• Children 9 to 13 years 0.9 mg (RDA)
• Males 14 to 18 years 1.3 mg (RDA)
• Females 14 to 18 years 1 mg (RDA)
• Adult
• Males 19 years and older 1.3 mg (RDA)
• Females 19 years and older 1.1 mg (RDA)
• Pregnant females 1.4 mg (RDA)
• Breastfeeding females 1.6 mg (RDA)

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Supporting Research
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Supporting Research

• Adelekan DA, Thurnham DI, Adekile AD. Reduced
  antioxidant capacity in paediatric patients with
  homozygous sickle cell disease. Eur J Clin Nutr.
  198943(9)609-614.
• Antoon AY, Donovan DK. Burn Injuries. In Behrman
  RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook
  of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, Pa W.B. Saunders
  Company 2000287-294.
• Bell, IR, Edman JS, Morrow FD, et al. Brief
  communication. Vitamin B1, B2, and B6
  augmentation of tricyclic antidepressant
  treatment in geriatric depression with cognitive
  dysfunction. J Am Coll Nutr. 199211(2)159-163.
• Bomgaars L, Gunawardena S, Kelley SE, Ramu A. The
  inactivation of doxorubicin by long ultraviolet
  light. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol.
  199740(6)506-512.
• Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and
  cataract the Blue Mountains Eye
  Study.Ophthalmology. 2000107(3)450-456.

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• De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition
  after burn injury. J Nutr. 1998128797-803.
• Dreizen S, McCredie KB, Keating MJ, Andersson BS.
  Nutritional deficiencies in patients receiving
  cancer chemotherapy. Postgrad Med.
  199087(1)163-167, 170.
• Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. The role of
  vitamins in the prevention and control of
  anaemia. Review. Public Health Nutr.
  20003(2)125-150.
• Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
  Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin,
  Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin
  B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.
  Washington, DC National Academy Press 1998.
• Folkers K, Ellis J. Successful therapy with
  vitamin B6 and vitamin B2 of the carpal tunnel
  syndrome and need for determination of the RDAs
  for vitamins B6 and B2 for disease states. Ann NY
  Acad Sci. 1990585295-301.
• Folkers K, Wolaniuk A, Vadhanavikit S. Enzymology
  of the response of the carpal tunnel syndrome to
  riboflavin and to combined riboflavin and
  pyridoxine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
  198481(22)7076-7078.

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• Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. The important role of
  modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics
  in the causation and prevention of coronary heart
  disease hospitalization and mortality the
  prospective NHANES I follow-up study. J Am Coll
  Nutr. 199514(1)71-79.
• Ghadirian P, Jain M, Ducic S, Shatenstein B,
  Morisset R. Nutritional factors in the aetiology
  of multiple sclerosis a case-control study in
  Montreal, Canada. Int J Epidemiol.
  199827(5)845-852.
• Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders,
  part two cataracts and glaucoma. Review.
  Altern Med Rev. 20016(2)141-166.
• Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin
  synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 19976(Suppl
  1)S43-45.
• Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, et al.
  Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related
  nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol.
  2001119(7)1009-1019.
• Kirschmann GJ, Kirschmann JD. Nutrition Almanac.
  4th ed. New York McGraw-Hill199684-86.

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• Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Use
  of vitamin supplements and cataract the Blue
  Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol.
  2001132(1)19-26.
• LaVecchia C, Braga C, Negri E, et al. Intake of
  selected micronutrients and risk of colorectal
  cancer. Int J Cancer. 199773525-530.
• Lewis JA, Baer MT, Laufer MA. Urinary riboflavin
  and creatinine excretion in children treated with
  anticonvulsant drugs letter. Am J Dis Child.
  1975129394.
• Mauskop A. Alternative therapies in headache. Is
  there a role? Review. Med Clin North Am.
  200185(4)1077-1084.
• Meyer NA, Muller MJ, Herndon DN. Nutrient support
  of the healing wound. New Horizons.
  19942(2)202-214.
• Mulherin DM, Thurnham DI, Situnayake RD.
  Glutathione reductase activity, riboflavin
  status, and disease activity in rheumatoid
  arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 199655(11)837-840.

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• Nutrients and Nutritional Agents. In Kastrup EK,
  Hines Burnham T, Short RM, et al, eds. Drug Facts
  and Comparisons. St. Louis, Mo Facts and
  Comparisons 20004-5.
• Omray A. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters
  of tetracylcine hydrochloride upon oral
  administration with vitamin C and vitamin B
  complex. Hindustan Antibiot Bull.
  198123(VI)33-37.
• Parks OW. Photodegredation of sulfa drugs by
  fluorescent light. J Assoc Off Anal Chem.
  198568(6)1232-1234.
• Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. Drugs that promote renal
  excretion of riboflavin. Drug Nutr Interact.
  19875(3)143-151.
• Ramu A, Mehta MM, Leaseburg T, Aleksic A. The
  enhancement of riboflavin-mediated
  photo-oxidation of doxorubicin by histidine and
  urocanic acid. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol.
  200147(4)338-346.
• Rock CL, Vasantharajan S. Vitamin status of
  eating disorder patients Relationship to
  clinical indices and effect of treatment. Int J
  Eating Disord. 199518257-262.

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• Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness
  of high-dose riboflavin in migraneprophilaxis. A
  randomized controlled trial. Neurology.
  199850466470.
• Silberstein SD, Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB. Management
  of migraine an algorithmic approach. Review.
  Neurology. 200055(9 Suppl 2)S46-52.
• Takacs M, Vamos J, Papp Q, et al. In vitro
  interaction of selegiline, riboflavin and light.
  Sensitized photodegradation of drugs in
  Hungarian Abstract. Acta Pharm Hung.
  199969(3)103-107.
• Wolf E. Vitamin therapy helps fight CTS. Occup
  Health Saf. 198756(2)67.

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If you are currently being treated with any of
the following medications, you should not use
vitamin B2 supplements without first talking to
your healthcare provider.

• Antibiotics, Tetracycline(???)
• Riboflavin should not be taken at the same
  time as the antibiotic tetracycline because it
  interferes with the absorption and effectiveness
  of this medication. Riboflavin either alone or in
  combination with other B vitamins should be taken
  at different times from tetracycline. (All
  vitamin B complex supplements act in this way and
  should therefore be taken at different times from
  tetracycline.)
• In addition, long-term use of antibiotics can
  deplete vitamin B levels in the body,
  particularly B2, B9, B12, and vitamin H (biotin),
  which is considered part of the B complex.

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• Antidepressant Medications(?????)
• Tricyclic(???) antidepressants (such as
  imipramine(???), desimpramine, amitriptyline(?????
  ), and nortriptyline(????) also reduce levels of
  riboflavin in the body. Taking riboflavin may
  improve levels of the vitamin and improve the
  effectiveness of these antidepressants,
  especially in elderly patients.

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• Anti-malarial Medications(?????)
• Riboflavin may reduce the effectiveness of
  anti-malarial medications such as chloroquine and
  mefloquine.
• Antipsychotic Medications(????)
• Antipsychotic medications called
  phenothiazines (such as chlorpromazine) may lower
  riboflavin levels.
• Birth Control Medications
• Poor dietary habits in combination with birth
  control medications can interfere with the body's
  ability to use riboflavin.

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• Doxorubicin(??????????)
• In the presence of daylight, riboflavin may
  deactivate doxorubicin, a medication used for the
  treatment of certain cancers. In addition,
  doxorubicin may deplete levels of riboflavin and,
  therefore, increased amounts of this nutrient may
  be recommended during chemotherapy (????)using
  this drug. Your doctor will guide you on whether
  this is necessary or not.
• Methotrexate(?????????)
• Methotrexate, a medication used to treat
  cancer, can prevent the body from making
  riboflavin (as well as other essential vitamins).
• Phenytoin(????????)
• Phenytoin, a medication used to control
  epileptic seizures, may affect riboflavin levels
  in children.

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• Probenecid(???)
• This medication used for gout may decrease the
  absorption of riboflavin from the digestive tract
  and increase the excretion in the urine.
• Selegiline
• Similar to its effects on doxorubicin, riboflavin
  may deactivate selegiline, a medication used to
  treat Parkinson's disease, in the presence of
  daylight.
• Sulfa-containing Medications
• Riboflavin may reduce the effectiveness of
  sulfa-containing medications, such as certain
  antibiotics (for example, trimethoprim-sulfamethox
  azole) used to treat bacterial infections.
• In addition, as stated earlier, long-term
  use of antibiotics can deplete vitamin B levels
  in the body, particularly B2, B9, B12, and
  vitamin H (biotin), which is considered part of
  the B complex.
• Thiazide Diuretics(????)
• Diuretics that belong to a class known as
  thiazides, such as hydrochlorothiazide, may
  increase the loss of riboflavin in the urine.

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