The Protestant Reformation

1
Unit 6

• The Protestant Reformation

2
Causes

• Social and political unrest
• New faith seen as a way of remaining Independent
  of outside control (HRE)
• Commoners, Lords and Kings were all tired of
  Church authority over them
• Tax money (Tithe)leaving their regions and
  winding up in Rome
• Clerical immunity to temporal law

3
Catalysts

• Wycliffe and Huss had begun the movement by
  laying out the themes
• Religious simplicity, poverty of clergy, a more
  egalitarian Church, vernacular bible
• Numerous abuses (Indulgences, clerical ignorance
  and immorality, too much spending)
• The Printing Press helped spread the ideas (and
  vernacular Bibles)
• Johann Guttenberg

4
Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• His father, Hans, was a miner
• Extremely strict Middle class parents
• Studied liberal arts at the University of Erfurt
• Earned his masters, begins law school
• Conversion experience
• Joins an Augustinian Monastery and is ordained in
  1507
• 1512 he earned his doctorate in Theology and
  joined the theology department at University of
  Wittenberg

5
Luthers main beliefs

• Justification by faith alone (not faith and good
  works and ceremonies)
• You could never earn it through works and
  ceremonies but only trust and belief in Jesus
  Christ
• Requires the Bible to be in the Vernacular
• He only believed in only 2 sacraments Baptism
  and Eucharist and that lay authority more
  important than the Church
• He attacked Papal infallibility and stressed the
  priesthood of all believers lowering the
  importance of the clergy (more egalitarian)

6
The Indulgence Problem

• Begun in 1343 when the Pope claimed to possess a
  treasury of merit
• In 1517 Augustinian John Tetzel was selling a
  special Jubilee indulgence which prompts Luther
  to post his 95 thesis on October 31st 1517
• Reactions
• Luther condemned as a Heretic and excommunicated
  by Pope Leo X

7
Diet of Worms

• 1821 The new Emperor Charles V convenes the Diet
  of Worms to allow Luther an opportunity to recant
  his beliefs
• He refused, was placed under Imperial ban (Edict
  of Worms) and hidden by Frederick of Saxony
  translates New Testament (dies in 1546)
• Charles V distracted by wars (with France and
  Turks) needed the help of the German Princes
• Eventually offers the Peace of Augsburg (1555)
  which allowed German Princes to decide the
  religion of their land

8
John Calvin (1509-1564)

• French lawyer trained at the University of Paris
  (Jean Cauvin) upper class background
• Converted to Protestantism in 1534
• Author of The Institutes of the Christian
  Religion
• Inspired massive political resistance in France
  where Protestants were called Huegonots
• He moves to Geneva in July of 1536 to escape and
  became a part of their governing body
• Eventually exiled and would not return until 1540

9
Calvinism in Practice

• Predestination (However the elect should live in
  a manifestly pleasing way)
• Everyone should try to re-order society according
  to Gods plan
• He ran Geneva Switzerland as a theocracy (refuge
  for protestants)
• Bible 1 authority (life governed by faith)
• No dance, drink etc.

10
The English Reformation

• Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed Defender of the
  Faith by Pope Leo X)
• Henry VIII (1509-1547)
• Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess)
• Problems? (widow of Henrys brother)
• Henry wants Anne Boyleyn
• The annulment controversy They had been married
  18 years, no male heir, just Bloody Mary)
• Henry breaks with RC Church and creates the
  Church of England

11
The New Church

• Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
  and grants the annulment
• The Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament and
  the English King is recognized as the leader of
  the English Church
• Sir Thomas More executed for failing to recognize
  the new Church
• No more tax money to Rome

12
The other wives of Henry VIII

• Anne Boyleyn
• Mother of Elizabeth I, Beheaded for treason
• Jane Seymour
• Mother of Edward VI
• Anne of Cleaves
• Political marriage, eventually annuled
• Catherine Howard (beheaded for adultery)
• Catherine Parr (Her third marriage)

13
Henrys Church

• How Protestant was he?
• Kept the RC ban on clerical marriage
• Also denied Eucharistic cup to the laity
• Kept Confession as a sacrament
• Full Protestantism Edward VI (1547-1553)
• Only 10 years old when he became King
• His regents brought England to Full
  Protestantism
• The Book of Common Prayer

14
The Counter Reformation

• The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• 3 sessions over 18 years
• Reaffirmed many beliefs
• Pope infallible, faith and good works
  salvation, only Church can interpret Bible,
  Indulgences OK, withhold cup from laity (no
  doctrinal changes)
• Changes
• The Jesuits, cut into Simony, Seminaries to train
  clergy, the Index, The Inquisition, Bishops
  supervision more active