Eastern Europe

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Eastern Europe

• Seeking a
• Political, Economic, and Cultural Centerand

Why Do They Fail?
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Ottoman Empire
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Battle of Lepanto 1571(Spain, Naples, Venice,
Sicily v. Ottomans)
150 Ottoman vessals lost to 50 for allies.
Ottomans lost 2x as many soldiers/sailors
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Ottomans Post-Lepanto

• Rebuilt fleet in 6 months (a ship a day from
  Constantinople), and allies were compelled to
  sign a treaty
• Ottomans concentrated on North Africa
• Ottoman military technology suffered from
  stagnation (fed by increasing religious
  conservatives). The Western Europeans no longer
  feared Ottomen cavalry.

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Collapse of the Ottomans

• Last surge in 1683 in attempt to retake Vienna
  considered expansionists until then.
• Western European nations wanted to curtail
  Ottoman control of trade routes to the East.
• Philip II (Spain) encouraged a combined Western
  attack on the Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean
  Sea

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Siege of Vienna
Ottomans lose 20,000Poles/Hapsburgs lose 4,500
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Vienna - 1683

• Defeated by Jan III (John III) Sobieski of
  Poland.
• Treaty of Karlowitz (Ottomans concede Hungary and
  Transylvania)
• Ottoman Empire slowly retreats south does fight
  on for 16 years.
• Left power vacuum as it retreated
• No effective Holy Roman Empire or Eastern
  leadership to fill the vacuum
• Ottoman Empire suffered from weak leadership

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The Three Families

• The Hanovers - who will ultimately rule England
• The Hapsburgs, whose focus will ultimately be
  Austria and Eastern Europe
• The Hohenzollerans, who will emerge as the most
  powerful family in Germany.

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Austria and The Hapsburgs
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Austria
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Prince Eugene of Savoy

• Battle of Zenta- drove Turks out of Hungary
• Peace of Karlowitz- Turks yielded most of
  Hungary, Croatia Transylvania
• Treaty of Rastadt- Austria annexed Spanish
  Netherlands

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Charles VI

• Ruled until 1740(Charles III in Spain)
• No male heir
• Responsible for the Pragmatic Sanction
• Refrains from expansion wants guarantee of
  daughters rule

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Austria Economic Issues

• Landlocked small middle class limited taxes
• Charles VI forms Ostend Company 1722 - (East
  and West Indies) based in the Austrian
  Netherlands (from Treaty of Utrecht)
• Competed with British and Dutch
• British force its dissolution in 1731 as a part
  of the Treaty of Vienna (Anglo-Austrian Alliance)

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War of Austrian Succession1740-1748

• Charles death signifies the start of foreign
  encroachment into Austria
• British enters war - hopes to gain a Continental
  position(and because England is now an ally of
  Austria)
• Austria's enemies distrust each other
• Austria survives

But the conflict expands
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However, England ..Is not initially
involvedBut . Then there is
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Jenkins Ear(The War of)

• Begins with an incident in 1731
• Results in war in 1739 - Between Spanish and
  British . Fought largely in the Caribbean But
  becomes an
• Extension of the War of Austrian Succession

Then
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King Georges War1744-1748

• Considered the third in a long line of French and
  Indian Wars (against English)
• English relied on colonial forces, which defeated
  French forces, and took control of a portion of
  Nova Scotia (heavy losses)
• War ends with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
• France and England returned land to the other -
  treaty caused a serious rift between British
  crown and American colonists

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The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

• All lands were returned to those who originally
  controlled them
• Maria Theresa kept her throne
• Prussia gained respect for its military, and
• Prussia gains control over Silesia (the focus of
  the Seven Years War in Europe)

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Austria Survives on its own
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Marie Theresa

• Marries Francis Stephen of Lorraine - 16 children
• Abandons traditional alliance with England
• Joins France and Russia
• Helps divide Poland
• Eventually rules with son
• Considered Enlightened
• Freed serfs to increase taxes
• Ignored other enlightened practices

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Joseph II

• 1765-1790, Hapsburg
• Co-ruled with mother until her death in 1780
• Considered Enlightened
• Religious toleration
• Freed Austrian serfs
• Eliminated censorship
• Codified law
• Failed to extend territory
• Most reforms failed - no

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Prussia

• Electors of the Holy Roman EmpireBeginning in
  1415Originate from region of Brandenburg

Prussia takes on state status in 1701 when the
Elector of Brandenburg takes the title King of
Prussia
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PrussianLeadership
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The Hohenzollerns

• First notice in 13th Century
• Began as moneylenders to the Holy Roman Emperor
• Awarded land for service, and eventually merged
  these lands into modern Prussia
• Used military to bind estates into a single
  country.

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The First Two Fredericks

• Frederick William, The Great Elector, 1640-1688
• Frederick III, Elector of BrandenburgBecomes
  Frederick I, King of Prussiawith permission of
  HRE

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Frederick William I,The Drill-Master of Europe

• 1713-1740
• Frugal
• Built army through mandatory service
• Developed Potsdam Guard special unit
• Cousin of George II
• Excellent administrator

Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau
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The Prussian Military

• 4th largest although population was 12th largest
  4 of the population.
• 70 of state budget devoted to military
• Reorganized leadership and unit structure
• Increased mobility
• Unsuccessful in longer conflicts insufficient
  troops
• Reputation often outstripped ability

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Frederick II The Great1740-1786

• Raised in rigid (militaristic) environment
• Inherited a nation in excellent condition.
• Used military to expand territory wanted to
  connect the dots of Prussia
• Considered an intellectual and Enlightened leader
• Administrative genius

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Frederick William II

• 1786-1797
• Second son of Frederick William I (brother of
  The Great)
• Not strong of intellect Frederick The
  Great had misgivings about his ability
• Tax reform damages Prussian economy leaves
  nation near bankruptcy
• Support for Louis XVI and poor leadership during
  war damage Prussia.
• Strong support of arts (Mozart and Beethoven)

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The Prussian Tradition

• Protestant
• Territorial consolidation
• Efficiency
• Rule of law
• Militarism and duty to country
• Hallmarks of the German state to follow in the
  19th century

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Lithuania ?????
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Lithuania

• 14th Century conversion to Christianity and
  unity with Poland.
• Defeated Germanic Knights in 15th Century and
  reached territorial maximum
• Devastated by Great Northern War (war, plague,
  famine killed over 40 of population)
• Control eventually lost to Austrian (Hapsburgs),
  Russia, Prussia
• Soviet control 1940-1990

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Lithuania Today

• First Soviet Republic to declare independence
  (1990 not recognized by Soviets until 1991)
• Joined NATO and EU in 2004
• 3.5 Million people/15 unemployment
• Per Capita GDP (17,000) ranks 58 in world (U.S.
  - 46,000).
• World Health Ranking of 73 behind all of
  Western Europe except Russia (130)

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Russia

• The Largest Land Mass in Europe

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A Region in TurmoilStill .
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Global Peace Index 2013
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Early Russia - until 1547

• Was focused on the East (Asia)
• Ural Mountains provided early barrier to Western
  influences
• Ivan the Terrible (first Czar 1580s) redirects
  Russian attention to the West
• A Romanov ascends to throne in early 1613 - 1645
  (Michael)

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Peter the Great
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Peter The Great

• 1672-1725
• Rules jointly with half-brother Ivan (V)
  (controlled by half-sister Sophia eventually
  exiled by Peter)
• Takes throne on own at 22 defeats Turks gaining
  a port on the Baltic Sea.
• Began process of westernizing

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• Peter made the following changes to Russia once
  he returned to Russia
• The Russian Church, which had opposed all
  learning and change came under Peters direct
  control
• All non-serfs were required to serve the state in
  the government or in the military and nobility
  did not guarantee any high positions

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• Peter created a professional army that was
  drilled by European soldiers with European
  weapons
• Taxes were raised to pay for the army and taxes
  were put on items such as beards, land, inns,
  mills, leather, coffins, meat the right to
  marry
• Encouraged industrialization and provided
  government money for companies to start making
  products the army needed

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• Eastern fashions were prohibited and men could
  not wear beards
• A newspaper was created which helped to increase
  literacy and exchange ideas
• Russians were sent abroad to study
• A book of etiquette was published that encouraged
  Russians not to spit on the floor, scratch
  themselves or to wear hats indoors

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• Peter built his new capital, St. Petersburg, on
  Swedish lands on the Baltic Sea and forced nobles
  to move there
• His new capital provided the ice-free port that
  Russia had desired for so long

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St. Petersburg
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Average Winter Temperature -7/ Summer 64
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Catherine the Great

• German princess - organized palace revolt,
  murdered Peter III
• Intellectual - corresponded with Voltarie and
  Diderot
• Attempted modest reforms
• Success in foreign policy except no warm
  water port

1762-1796
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PolandA Failed State .
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The Partition of Poland

• Ruined by wars of 17th Century
• Wars reduced population by 1/3
• Poland becomes prize of war
• Russia, Austria, and Prussia divide Poland.
• Three separate actions Poland disappears
• Poland does not reappear until the 20th Century

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