Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic Acids DNA RNA
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DO NOW

1. What controls cell activity?

1. How are proteins made in a cell?

3. What is the 4th major biochemical molecule in
the body?
4. What controls all life functions?
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What is DNA?
It is the genetic information that is passed from
generation to generation.
Where is it found?
It is found in the nucleus of every living cell.
No DNA Death!
Does every single cell in our body have the same
DNA?
Yes!!! But WHY????
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THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA
Nucleotides

• Sugar Deoxyribose

• Phosphate Group

• Nitrogenous Bases (A T G C)

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Nitrogenous Bases

• Adenine
• Thymine These pairs
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Represented as interlocking shapes and are joined
  to the sugar of the nucleic acid

T
A
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A Adenine
T Thymine
C Cytosine
A T C G
G Guanine
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Who discovered the shape of DNA?
Watson and Crick -- Won The Nobel Prize
What do they call this model?
A Double Helix
Made of

• 2 Strands of alternating Sugar Phosphate
  molecules (sides of ladder)

• Held together by 4 nitrogen bases. (A-T G-C)
  (rungs of ladder)

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A always pairs with T G always pairs with C on
your paper, try to figure out the 2nd,
complimentary DNA strand for this
AGGGCTTACACATTT
TCCCGAATGTGTAAA
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THE FUNCTION OF DNA
What is replication
Making an exact copy.
When would DNA need to do this?
How does it happen?
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Functions of Nucleic Acids

• DNA- Contains the hereditary material inside
  nucleus
• RNA- ________________________________

made of
made of

• Nucleic Nucleotides Nitrogenous
• Acids Bases (A,T,C,G)

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The replication of DNA
The process of DNA replication occurs -Origins
of replication with DNA polymerase this enzyme
makes the covalent bonds between the nucleotides
of the new DNA strand
Replication Clip 1
Clip 2
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A
T
5
3
G
C
Parent DNA Molecule
A
T
T
A
G
C
C
G
T
A
DNA Helicase Enzyme
T
A
A
T
A
T
C
G
C
G
3
5
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A
T
3
5
G
C
A
T
T
A
DNA Helicase Enzyme
G
C
C
G
T
A
T
A
A
T
A
T
G
C
5
3
C
G
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A
T
3
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G
C
A
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G
G
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T
A
T
A
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G
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A
T
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G
C
Free Nucleotides
A
T
C
T
A
G
C
A
G
C
C
T
T
A
A
T
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G
A
A
A
A
T
A
T
C
G
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C
C
G
New Strands of DNA
C
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A
T
3
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G
C
A
T
C
T
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G
C
A
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C
T
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G
A
A
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C
G
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C
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G
New Strands of DNA
C
5
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3
5
T
A
C
G
On the Leading Strand DNA Polymerase
continuously adds new nucleotides, as it
follows DNA Helicase
T
A
T
A
T
A
C
G
C
G
C
G
On the Lagging Strand DNA Polymerase runs in
the opposite direction of the Helicase, and
therefore must make a series of
discontinuous pieces (or fragments).
T
A
T
A
5
T
A
T
A
A
T
A
T
A
T
A
T
C
C
G
G
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C
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G
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T
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3
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3
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On the Lagging Strand DNA Polymerase Leaves a
gap in the backbone of the newly Forming strand
because It is unable to form the Last covalent
bond In the backbone.
T
A
T
A
C
G
G
C
G
C
3
C
G
T
A
T
A
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3
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T
We now have two identical daughter molecules of
DNA, and the cell is ready for a Mitosis or a
Meiosis division.
C
G
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DNA Replication

• ___________________ itself to allow mitosis and
  meiosis to occur it passes genetic info on to
  the new cells
• Steps in replication
• DNA Molecule DNA Unzips Free nucleotides
  join the
• unzipped strands
• A T A T AT AT
• T A T A TA TA
• C G C G CG CG
• C G C G CG CG
• C G C G CG CG

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DNA Replication clip part 1
DNA Replication clip part 2
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So how is RNA different from DNA?
They are both organic molecules called Nucleic
Acids.
What are the subunits of RNA?
Nucleotides similar to DNA
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RNA RiboNucleic Acid
Made of nucleotides too, but some differences
A Adenine
U Uracil
G Guanine
C Cytosine
Sugar Ribose
Phosphate Group
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Transcription The making of mRNA from DNA
biomovies\DNAtranscription.mov Transcription Clip
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Steps in Transcription

• DNA DNA Codon mRNA
• Template
• A T A U
• GC every 3 nit base is a G C Codon
• CG template for Codon C G
• CG C G
• TA Unzips T A Codon
• AT (Template used to make mRNA) A U
• Codons will go to the ribosome to be read
• It is the nitrogenous bases that determine the
  codon!

Transcription
Unzips at weak H bond
Template strand
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Transcription Animation Shared Server
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The 3 Types of RNA
Types Name Function Found?
mRNA Messenger RNA Transcribed from the DNA template, and replicates the DNA All over the cell
tRNA Transfer RNA Translates the 3 letter codon of the mRNA to the amino acids Anticodon- Codon Cytoplasm
rRNA Ribsomal RNA Hold the m and t together
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Protein Synthesis/ Transcription
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TRANSLATION
biomovies\DNAtranslation.mov Translation Clip
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Protein Synthesis- What we already know

• 1. DNA is a code. The code is found in as a
  sequence of __________________
• 2. Instructions for making __________________
• 3. Polypeptide is another name for _____________
• 4. Proteins are long chains of _________________
• 5. Proteins make up _________________________
• 6. Proteins are made in the ___________________

nucleotides
proteins
proteins
Amino acids
Muscles, hair/ fur, nutrient storage
ribosome
biomovies\protein synthesis.mov
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Translation Protein Synthesis

• STEPS TO MAKING A PROTEIN
• DNA lives in the _______________________
• A short section of the double helix ____________
• and the 2 sides of the DNA ladder ____________
  from
• each other
• 3. A copy of the short section of DNA is made-
  just 1 side-so it is ____________ stranded. This
  copy is called ________________ RNA (mRNA)
• copy not like DNA- RNA has ________________

Nucleus
split
Move away
single
messenger
uracil
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• 4. How is mRNA different?
• _____________ stranded
• Allowed to leave the _____________
• Does not have the ______ nucleotide. It uses
  ________
• 5. The mRNA takes the code to a __________ in the
  cell
• 6. Ribosomes can only read _____ letters of a
  code at a time. They start reading the code in
  groups of 3 called
• __________________

single
nucleus
U
T
ribosome
3
codon
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• 7. Each time the ribosome reads 3 letters on the
  mRNA, it calls for another molecule ________
  which carries an amino acid.
• tRNA picks up the amino acid that is needed and
  drops it off
• There are hundreds of tRNAs. So if the codon for
  the mRNA is GGG- ribosome tells tRNA to bring the
  opposite code of ________. This is the exact
  opposite so its called _____________.
• 8. Were trying to make a protein so each time a
  tRNA brings an ___________________ to the
  ribosome, they link together. And now we have a
  PROTEIN.

tRNA
CCC
Anti codon
Amino acid
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DNA
protein
mRNA
Transcription
Translation
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Amino Acids
t-RNAs
Translation
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Amino Acids
t-RNAs
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Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNAs
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Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNAs
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Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNAs
5
3
New Protein
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Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNAs
5
3
New Protein
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Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNAs
5
3
New Protein
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Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNAs
5
3
New Protein
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Amino Acids
t-RNAs
5
3
New Protein
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Amino Acids
t-RNAs
5
3
New Protein
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Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNAs
5
3
New Protein
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Amino Acids
m-RNA
t-RNAs
5
3
New Protein
COOH
NH2
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Codon
GAC
CUG
CUG
GAC
5
3
Anticodon
AMINO ACID ASPARTATE
AMINO ACID LEUCINE
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Ok, so what kinds of things can go wrong????
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Gene Mutations!
Any change in the order of bases on the DNA is a
gene mutation.
What are some kinds of mutations?

• Substitution- 1 letter or gene changed
• Deletion- 1 or more letters deleted
• Addition- 1 or more letters added
• Inversion- wrong order