Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns

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Adjective ClauseswithSubject Relative Pronouns

• Unit 13

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What are adjectives?

• Words that describe
• people Jane likes kind men.
• animals I have a cute cat.
• places Los Angeles is crowded.
• things Our grammar book is useful.

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What are adjective clauses?

• They are groups of words
• that describe nouns.
• I have a niece who is a nurse.
• noun
  adjective clause

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Who, which, that, whose are the subject of
adjective clauses, but they are not complete
sentences.

• who passed away recently
• which has 100 pages
• that lives in Africa
• whose ideas are crazy

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• who / that ? people
• The person who sits next to me talks a lot.
• The person that sits next to me talks a lot.
• which / that ? places and things
• Rome is a city which has many ruins.
• Rome is a city that has many ruins.
• whose noun ? peoples possessions
• I met the man whose car was stolen.

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Note

• 1.That is less formal than who and which.
• 2. singular, plural, masculine or feminine
• Who
• Which The boy whose parents just left
  is crying.
• That These are the men who fixed my
  house.
• Whose This is the lady who left you a
  message.

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• A sentence with an adjective clause is a
  combination of two sentences.
• I have a friend. He likes snakes.
• I have a friend who likes snakes.
• 
  main clause
  adjective clause
• The man is sad. His dog died.
• The man whose dog died is sad.
• 
  main adjective
  clause clause

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What do adjective clauses do?

• They describe or give additional information
  about nouns or indefinite pronouns (one, someone,
  somebody, something, another, other, others).
• Mary has a dog which follows her everywhere.
• 
  noun
  adjective clause
• David, who is an ESL teacher, works at Mt. SAC.
• noun
  adjective clause
• I need to talk to someone who can fix my car.
• 
  noun
  adjective clause

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Noun Adjective Clauses

• Adjective clauses come after the
• nouns they describe.
• Tony has a dog who is an animal lover.
  (incorrect)
• Tony, who is an animal lover, has a dog.

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Adjective clauses have a subject and a verb.

• People who are lazy drive me crazy.
• subject verb
• Peter shop in stores that have good sales.
• 
  subject verb

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Adjective clauses are connected to main clause

• a. after
• I have a friend who is a boxer.
• 
  main clause adjective clause
• b. middle
• The students who passed the quiz had
  studied.
• main
  adjective clause
  clause

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Verb Agreement

• The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the
  noun it describes.
• I have a student who is from Cuba.
• 
  singular
  singular
• I have ten students who are from China.
• 
  plural
  plural

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There are two kinds of adjective clauses.

• 1. Nonrestrictive
• Use commas.
• Tom, who is a single father, has a son.

• 2. Restrictive
• Do not use commas.
• People who are married live longer.

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• 1. Nonrestrictive (commas)
• add extra information about
• proper nouns, unique nouns or a
• definite noun that has already
• been identified.

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• Proper nounBoston, which is in
  Massachusetts, has many colleges.
• Unique nounMy husband, who is in shape,
  plays soccer.
• Definite nounAnns furniture was damaged by
  the flood. The furniture, which is worth a lot of
  money, cant be repaired.

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• Use one comma or two commas
• to separate it from the main clause.
• I sat next to Bob, who is in my math class.
• main clause
  nonrestrictive adjective clause
• Hawaii, which is an island, has great
  beaches.
• main
  nonrestrictive clause

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• Note Do not used that in nonrestrictive
• adjective clauses (with commas).Peter, that
  was a couch potato, retired last year.
  incorrect
• Peter, who was a couch potato, retired last
  year.
  correct
• Mt. SAC, that is near Pomona, is a
  college.
  incorrect
• Mt. SAC, which is near Pomona, is a
  college.

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2. Restrictive Adjective Clause

• Do not use commas to separate it from the main
  clause because the information is needed to
  identify the noun it describes.
• I know a cashier who works at Ralph's.
• main clause
  restrictive adjective
  clause
• He bought a desk which was on sale.
• main clause
  restrictive clause

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Restrictive adjective clauses are used in
definitions.

• A locksmith is a person who makes keys and
  repairs locks.
• A penguin is a bird which lives in the
  Antarctic.

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• One difference of nonrestrictive and
• restrictive adjective clausesMy sister, who
  just got married, moved to Texas. (I have only
  one sister.)My sister who just got married
  moved to Texas. (I have more than one sister.)

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• Why do I need to use adjective clauses?
• You can use adjective clauses to combine
  sentences that refer to the same noun.
• Adjective clauses help avoid repetition and help
  the information flow more smoothly.

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Adjective Clauses at the End of a Sentence

• 1. The hula hoop is a toy that became popular in
  the 1960s
• 2. New Hampshire is a small state which is in the
  northeastern part of the United States.
• 3. Swahili is a language which comes from East
  Africa.
• 4. Bolivia is a South American country that
  doesnt have a coastline.
• 5. Leonardo Da Vinci was an artist who painted
  La Mona Lisa.
• 6. Jane and Tony have a daughter whose name is
  Kathy.
• 7. I read Gone with the Wind, which was an
  interesting book.

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Adjective Clauses in the Middle of a Sentence

• 1. San Francisco, which is in the northwest of
  California, is a beautiful city.
• 2. The food that was cooked by Jason was spicy.
• 3. Mr. Wilson, whose job is a lot of fun, is a
  dance teacher.
• 4. The movie that made us cry was extremely sad.
• 5. Swahili, which is a language, is spoken in
  East Africa.
• 6. The Andersons, whose house is in Walnut, live
  alone.
• 7. Picasso, who painted La Mona Lisa, is a famous
  artist.

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Adjective Clauses With Object Relative Pronouns

• Unit 14

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Relative pronouns as objects of the verb

• whom
• who
• whose
• which
• that

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whom, who, that ? for people

• That lady is friendly. Tom likes her.
• 
  
  
  object
• whom Tom likes
• That lady who Tom likes is friendly.
• that Tom likes
• ? Tom likes
• Whom who that
  ?
• most formal ?------------------------------------
  ---? informal

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which, that ? for things, places and animals

• The books are expensive. I have to buy them.
• 
  
  
  object
• which I have to buy
• The books that I have to buy are expensive.
• ? I have to buy
• which that
  ?
• most formal ?------------------------------------
  --? less informal

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Whose ? peoples possessions

• The man is unhappy. Bob dates his daughter.
• The man whose daughter Bob dates is unhappy.
• Mark plays in our soccer team. His nose is
  broken.
• Mark, whose nose is broken, plays in our soccer
  team.

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Relative pronouns as objects of prepositions

• whom
• who
• which
• that

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whom, who, that ? for people

• Jane likes the manager. She works for him.
• 
  
  
  preposition object
• for whom she works.
• whom she
  works for.
• Jane likes the manager who she works for.
• that she
  works for.
• ? she
  works for.

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which, that ? for things, places and animals

• The picture is beautiful. Tony is looking at it.
• 
  
  
  preposition object
• at which Tony is looking is
  beautiful.
• The picture which Tony is looking at is
  beautiful.
• that Tony is looking at is
  beautiful.
• ? Tony is looking at is
  beautiful.
• at which which
  that ?
• most formal ?------------------------------------
  ---? informal

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Note

• Object relative pronouns are often omitted in
  every day spoken English if commas are not
  needed.
• I remember the boy (whom) I helped last year.
• The park (which) Joe likes is on Grand Ave.
• But they cannot be omitted if commas are
  needed.
• I remember Mr. Wilson, whom I helped last years.
• Sherman Park, which Joe likes, is on Grand Ave.

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Where ? locations

• I like the church. I pray there every Sunday.
• I like the church where I pray every Sunday.
• Now, you do it.
• The bookstore is having a sale this week.
• I always buy my books there.
• Bank of America is open late on Fridays.
• Alan cashes his checks at that bank.

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Where ? locationsWhere replaces which, that, ?
and the preposition in or at.

• in which my father lives
• which my father lives in
• The building that my father lives in is old.
• ? my father lives in
• The building where my father lives is old.

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When ? time

• The meeting is on Monday.
• All the employees work that day.
• The meeting is on Monday, when all the employees
  work.
• They remembered the summer. They met then.
• They remembered the summer when they met.

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When ? timeWhen replaces that or ?.

• The day that Jane got married was very special.
• The day ? Jane got married was very special.
• The day when Jane got married was very special.
• Was there a time in your life when you felt blue?
• The Monday, when I was absent, I didnt get paid.

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Find and correct 9 mistakes

• (1) I read an article the other day which
  interested me a great deal. (2) It reported on a
  survey that some sociologists conducted recently
  in the Midwest, where the attitudes of most women
  are consider conservative. (3) They examined the
  attitudes that American women have about men, and
  they identified some of the things women consider
  to be important characteristics in a good husband
  or boyfriend. (4) The study determined that women
  seem to prefer men who can express their
  feelings. (5) Most women prefer husbands to whom
  they can talk easily, and with whom they can
  share their problems. (6) There were also several
  other things which women consider important in a
  partner. (7) A mans character or personality is
  more important to many women than the type of job
  he has, or the amount of money he makes. (8) Not
  surprisingly, most women want a husband who will
  take on an equal share of housekeeping and
  child-raising duties. (9) But the reality is
  this women want husbands who they can trust and
  depend on. (10) Unfortunately, more than 70
  percent of the women who answered the
  questionnaire said they had husbands who do not
  meet these basic requirements in some way.

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How many adjective clauses are there?

• (1) I read an article the other day which
  interested me a great deal. (2) It reported on a
  survey that some sociologists conducted recently
  in the Midwest, where the attitudes of most women
  are consider conservative. (3) They examined the
  attitudes that American women have about men, and
  they identified some of the things women consider
  to be important characteristics in a good husband
  or boyfriend. (4) The study determined that women
  seem to prefer men who can express their
  feelings. (5) Most women prefer husbands to whom
  they can talk easily, and with whom they can
  share their problems. (6) There were also several
  other things which women consider important in a
  partner. (7) A mans character or personality is
  more important to many women than the type of job
  he has, or the amount of money he makes. (8) Not
  surprisingly, most women want a husband who will
  take on an equal share of housekeeping and
  child-raising duties. (9) But the reality is
  this women want husbands who they can trust and
  depend on. (10) Unfortunately, more than 70
  percent of the women who answered the
  questionnaire said they had husbands who do not
  meet these basic requirements in some way.